مطالب

In his political novel, Autumn , Ali Smith has implicitly integrated family life with political matrices of British-European relations. In this study, Autumn was investigated in light of Kenneth Burke's notions of identification, substance, symbolism, and imagination known as rhetoric of motives. Identification refers to identifying with characters having some components or substances in common. Rhetoric of motives refers to the application of terms with persuasive function that move people into action. The themes of Ali Smith's Autumn are in congruity with Kenneth Burke’s theoretical ideas represented as theme of love to explain illogical coupling of a young woman and an old man that recalls England and Europe/EU interconnection and mismatching relations. This study explored how the rhetoric and dialect of Smith that have symbolic meanings and functions is motivating through identification with characters. Burke believes that through rhetoric of motives and grammar of motives it is possible to create protagonists that people can easily identify with to persuade them into action based on their intended political views. Through rhetoric of motives by the seasonal novel via identification, symbolism, and imagination, Smith indirectly portrays the political event of Brexit (British Exit) and its consequences in British society.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Flipped Learning Pattern (FLP) in terms of the Problem-Based Teaching Approach (PBTA) on the participants’ self-management, desire for learning, and self-control in learning English. The research design was quasi-experimental using pre-test and post-test. The participants were selected via cluster sampling from the English learners enrolled in Aladdin center in the 2018-2020 academic year. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=320). To collect the data, the self-directed learning questionnaire of Fisher, King, and Tague (2001) was used. The questionnaire contains 52 items and three subscales of self-management, desire for learning, and self-control. Findings showed that there was a significant difference in the effect of the method on three subscales of self-directed learning in the experimental and control groups. The results indicated that the value and acceptability of the pattern improve self-directed learning; and choosing the right teaching method with conscious design will have a great impact on learners’ high levels of learning English skills. Therefore, follow-up studies are necessary to investigate further the application of FLP in terms of PBTA in various lessons.

Implicatures are the implied meanings that people communicate to their listeners. They may differ from one culture to another, making translations more challenging. The purpose of this study was to examine how implicatures were treated in the English translations of Persian texts and the extent of pragmatic equivalence. To this end, implicatures in four Persian children's stories written by Hooshang Morādi Kermāni were identified and compared to their English translations, translated by Caroline Croskery. The Gricean Cooperation Principle served as the theoretical framework of the study, and four maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner were used to analyze implicatures. Chesterman’s strategies of pragmatic equivalence were also used to determine the strategies used in translation. According to the results, the translator was largely successful in achieving pragmatic equivalence. Additionally, literal translation, explicitness, equivalence strategy, and illocutionary change were found to be used more commonly than the other pragmatic strategies. The findings of this study could have benefits for translators to deal with pragmatic issues and for syllabus designers to create more practical content.

The present research aimed to investigate gender-specific charactonyms and their meanings in Persian Translations of John Bunyan’s (1678) The Pilgrim's Progress. It also aimed to reveal translation strategies applied by both translators in their translations, Siyahat-i Masihi (‘سیاحت مسیحی’) by J. L. Potter in 1926 and Seir-o Solouk-i Za’ir (‘سیر و سلوک زائر’) by Golnaz Hamedi in 2002. To do so, SL gender-specific charactonyms and TL equivalents were compared together at Evelyn Hatch’s (1992) macro-level analysis. According to Hatch (1992), characters, as one of the elements of a story, play a significant role and affect the macrostructure of the story. Then, Alexander Kalashnikov’s (2011) two types of charactonyms were used to analyze the translations. The results show that Potter preferred to preserve the titles of gender (masculine and feminine) in his translation. In contrast, Hamedi more tended to distance the gender of the charactonyms having deeper meanings. This led to affect the novel due to the omission of the characteristics and additional information behind the charactonyms.

The widespread phenomenon of ‘retranslation’ that has become prevalent in the world refers to subsequent translations of a text or part of a text, carried out after the initial translation that introduced this text to the ‘same’ target language. Translation Studies scholars have strived to formulate hypotheses for re-translation. In 1990, Berman put forward the Retranslation Hypothesis in which he hypothesized that the earlier re-translations of a work depart from the source language and are more in line with the target language and culture over time. This hypothesis, in some cases, has been confirmed or partially confirmed, and in some others, disapproved. Thus, to confirm or reject the Retranslation Hypothesis more significantly, and push it forward to theorization, it must be (re)examined in different languages. Therefore, this study aimed to revisit the hypothesis by examining the Persian re-translations of the novel The Little Prince. The results of the study were largely in line with the hypothesis and proved that earlier translations follow more closely the norms of target language and culture, and later ones are closer to the source text and culture. The study ultimately serves as another piece of the puzzle for the Retranslation Hypothesis to approach a theory.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to investigate the elements of the self-care training curriculum for Iranian Red Crescent relief workers based on the Akker model. Exposure to accidents and disasters causes feelings of stress, anxiety, fatigue, weakness, and hopelessness. Due to the intense activities and the problems they encounter during traumatic episodes, they are endlessly anxious and stressed. However, they can control the pressures inflicted by the environment with the required training and effective scientific methods. METHODS: The present qualitative research study prevails based on the database theory. The statistical population comprises 25 curriculum experts and Red Crescent relief workers selected through purposeful and criterion-based sampling. After clarifying the theoretical founding and expert perspectives regarding designing self-care training curriculum and quality of life (QoL) theory, the basic concepts, and components or the logic of curriculum design were specified. FINDINGS: The results showed that the characteristics of the elements of the self-care training curriculum considering the focus and the characteristics of the quality of life (QoL) theory based on the logic of the curriculum in the form of a model are as follows.Objectives (general and specific), content characteristics (principles of organizing and content selection), teaching-learning methods (priorities of selection and types of teaching methods), teaching-learning activities of relief workers, assessment (consecutive assessment and self-assessment), study materials and resources (physical and non-physical resources), space (virtual and online, real: emergency, accident), time and place (flexible), grouping characteristics (developing relief workers’ sense of duty and belonging to the group in accidents and emergencies) and consequences: improving health literacy, correcting lifestyle, reducing the number of paramedics with contagious non-contagious diseases, diminishing the risky behaviors of paramedics, obtaining a set of skills and achieving individual, group and collective self-care competence. The model was validated and approved by experts and specialists through the Delphi method. CONCLUSION: Presenting and implementing a self-care training curriculum in the in-service programs of the Iranian Red Crescent Society can boost their quality of life (QoL) and contentment, while fully preparing them to withstand and deal with emergencies.

INTRODUCTION: Organizational insentience has been one of the main challenges in recent years and refers to a situation in which employees of the organization have become indifferent to their organizational environment. This study aimed to design a model for dealing with organizational insentience in the Iranian Red Crescent Society. METHODS: In this qualitative study, after investigating the phenomenon of organizational insentience and reviewing the theoretical foundations, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts, managers, and masters in the Red Crescent Society. Theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 21 interviews. Subsequently, the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed through grounded theory and qualitative coding (open, axial, and selective coding). FINDINGS: The findings showed that the main axial theme in this study was organizational insentience, and six themes of senselessness toward the concept of work, double standards, accountability, organizational discrimination, lack of strategic management procedures, and inability to implement policies were the requirements for dealing with organizational insentience, which were coded under the theme of causal conditions. In addition, such factors as decent governance, strengthening the psychological dimension, building trust, strengthening staff's skills, organizational independence, strengthening innovation and creativity, justice, supportive behavior, and supportive environment were selected as the main strategies to deal with organizational insentience. CONCLUSION: It seems that the dominant organizational culture, along with management style and type of communication within the organization, has the main effect on the issue of organizational insentience

Introduction: One of the factors that can create the necessary commitment among employees for the success of the organization is the prevailing atmosphere of the organization. In other words, a proper atmosphere and favorable moral climate help to improve performance, achieve goals, and maintain communication in the organization and play a vital role in the performance of the organization (in any field of work). Therefore, this study aimed to explain and design a spirituality-based work ethic model in the workplace in the Crisis Management Organization, Tehran, Iran. Method: This applied research was conducted based on a mixed methodology. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative part consisted of 128 directors of Tehran Crisis Management Organization in 2020-2021, reaching saturation with 19 people. Moreover, the statistical population of this study in the quantitative part included the staff of Tehran Crisis Management Organization in 2020-2021, among which 250 samples were selected based on Cochran's formula. The samples were chosen using stratified random sampling method and the instruments employed in the qualitative and quantitative parts were an exploratory and semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire, respectively. The collected data were analyzed in MAXQDA-2020 software and AMOS-26 software in the qualitative and quantitative parts, respectively. The AMOS software was used to measure the structural equation modeling and analyze the model fit indices. Findings: According to the findings, the work ethic model was based on spirituality in the workplace. In this model, ethical commitment, professional commitment, and relationship commitment were considered causal conditions of spirituality-based work ethic in the workplace in the Crisis Management Organization. Moreover, organizational ethical climate, Islamic ethical culture, ethical leadership, and ethical and Islamic education were respectively considered a pivotal phenomenon, interactive strategies, intervening conditions, and contextual variables of spirituality-based work ethic in the workplace in the Crisis Management Organization. Conclusion: The results of showed that all the reviewed indices were accepted to evaluate the fit of the modified structural model of the research. Given this, it can be said that the fit of this model was "approved". Furthermore, the total effect values of contextual variables, causal conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and interactions, and pivotal variables on spirituality-based work ethic in the workplace were obtained at 0.40, 0.51, 0.38, 0.65, and 0.61, respectively. The p-value of < 0.01 was considered significant.

INTRODUCTION: Given that Iran is among the top five earthquake-prone countries in the world and no region of the country is safe from unforeseen crises, raising awareness regarding the victims' mental health issues is one of the top priorities limiting the extent of problems and subsequent consequences. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of psychological interventions in the well-being of adolescents surviving natural disasters as opposed to regular individuals. METHODS: The study population in the present cross-sectional comparative study consists of high school students (13–18 years old) from the earthquake-stricken village of Sarand in East Azerbaijan Province, and normal students from Zarnaq in the same province. They were assessed through the total population sampling method. The data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire (Ryff) to assess anxiety and depression. Data is analyzed and screened by measures of central tendency (mean and standard deviation) for the first section of variables. In the second section, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the research questions. FINDINGS: The earthquake group achieved the lowest and highest mean scores in the aspects of environmental mastery (9.46), personal growth (10.93), and purpose in life (10.90), respectively. In the Non-Affected group, the lowest mean score is associated with paranoia (2.25) and the highest mean score is linked to anxiety (3.86). The post-test revealed the lowest mean score in the control group was related to autonomy (11.09), and the highest mean score pertained to personal growth (14.38). The scores are normally distributed in all dimensions. Eventually, the obtained data indicated that the psychological interventions performed for the benefit of the disaster-stricken group were significantly more than the group that was not subjected to psychological interventions. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex. CONCLUSION: Providing post-crisis social psychosocial support programs for adolescents consolidates cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation, diminishes stress and vulnerability, enriches relationships with peers, decreases psychosomatic disorders caused by the crisis, and modifies social performance. Moreover, spending time with their peers, family members, and relatives ameliorates various disorders and issues.