مطالب

The goal of this study was to compare the use of conceptual metaphors in English novels written by native and nonnative writers of English. Therefore, two novels were selected: To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, a native English writer, and The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, a nonnative English writer. To find the instances of conceptual metaphors in each book, approximately 10% of the pages of each novel was randomly selected and examined line by line based on the framework introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In the next step, to find the number and type of metaphors used in each book, the identified metaphors were categorized under their underlying concepts and counted. Then, the frequencies of different types of metaphors in each book were tallied and tabulated, and with the use of a chi-square test, the possible differences among the 2 writers’ use of different types of metaphors were found. Results indicated that, in both novels, there were significant differences among the 5 types of metaphors that were identified, namely structural metaphors, ontological metaphors, orientational metaphors, metonymy, and personification. Findings revealed that, in both books, ontological metaphors were the most frequently used type and personification was the least frequently used one. Also, no statistically significant difference was seen between the two writers’ use of the different types of metaphors. Findings are claimed to bear some implications for L2 pedagogy, benefiting teachers, syllabus designers, writers, and L2 learners.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the fact that natural disasters are on the rise in Iran, no study has yet explained the performance indicators in the relief supply chain in crisis situations. Creative leadership in the relief supply chain can be of great help to the enhancement of internal strengths, provision of creative solutions to potential threats, and maintenance and promotion of public health. The present study aimed to provide a Structural equation model of creative hospital leadership. METHODS: The present exploratory research was conducted on 215 cases that were selected as the sample size using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire which was completed by managers, supervisors, and experts of hospitals in Isfahan province. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was assessed using SPSS software based on Cronbach's alpha test, which indicated the high reliability of the research tool. FINDINGS: A hierarchical structure was established using DEMATEL software, which is a variety of decision-making methods based on pairwise comparisons, and benefiting from expert opinion in extracting the factors of a system and their systematical structuring based on the principles of graph theory. CONCLUSION: Finally, the effectiveness and affectability of the components were expressed as the output of DEMATEL software in a way that their interaction effect was denoted as numerical values. Thereafter, the data were analyzed in linear structural relations (LISREL) software using structural equation modeling, and the creative leadership model was designed.