پیچیدگی نظم های امنیتی در غرب آسیا و راهبرد تقابل آمریکا در برابر جمهوری اسلامی ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مهار جمهوری اسلامی ایران توسط آمریکا پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی در دستورکار نخبگان سیاست خارجی آمریکا قرار گرفت. در دوره های مختلف نظم امنیتی در منطقه غرب آسیا، سیستم های کنترل مختلفی علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در دوره نظم امنیتی شبکه ای شده در منطقه غرب آسیا و به طور خاص در زمینه مهار ایران در عراق، شرایط نسبت به دوره های گذشته محیط امنیتی تغییر پیدا کرده است و آمریکایی ها از سیستم جدید کنترل و مهار برای مقابله با جمهوری اسلامی ایران بهره برده اند. پژوهش حاضر به دنبال بررسی سیستم کنترل نسل سوم آمریکا و چگونگی کارکرد آن در عراق علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران است. سؤال پژوهش حاضر این است که سیستم کنترل آمریکا در عراق علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران چگونه است و از چه اجزایی ساخته شده است؟ در پاسخ به سؤال فوق فرضیه ذیل مطرح می شود که سیستم کنترل آمریکا در عراق علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران از نوع شبکه ای چند لایه است و این سیستم کنترل از سه خرده شبکه درهم تنیده ژئوپلیتیک، ژئواکونومیک و ژئوانرژی تشکیل شده است. روش پژوهش در این مقاله توصیفی- تبیینی و روش جمع آوری داده ها اسنادی و کتابخانه ای است.The complexity of the security orders in West Asia and the US confrontation strategy against the Islamic Republic of Iran
Introduction: The victory of the Islamic Revolution had a profound and lasting impact on the security order of the West Asian region. This revolution itself became a security threat to the United States and its regional allies.The United States has used various control strategies and systems to limit and reduce the regional deterrence of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The three clusters of the Levant, the East, and the Persian Gulf have been a set of clusters that have always been the site of strategic conflicts between Iran and the United States in the West Asian security network. In the Levant cluster, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon have been the most important areas in which the United States has sought to contain Iran. After the fall of Saddam, Iraq has become the most extensive area of regional competition between the resistance forces and the United States and its allies. In post-Saddam Iraq, Iran’s geopolitical, geoeconomic, and geoenergy influence has always been of interest to the United States and its allies. This influence in various layers has led to the strengthening of Iran’s deterrence despite the efforts of the United States. The Islamic Republic of Iran has used various tools to enhance its regional deterrence, and this, along with the increasing complexity of the existing security order, has led the Americans to seek changes in their control system in Iraq against Iran.Research Question: The question of the present research is that how is the American control system in Iraq against the Islamic Republic of Iran? And what components is it made of?Research Hypothesis: In response to the above question, the following hypothesis is proposed. The American control system in Iraq against the Islamic Republic of Iran is a multi-layered network type, and this control system consists of three interconnected sub-networks: geopolitics, geoeconomics, and geoenergy.Methodology and Theoretical Framework: The research method in this article is descriptive-explanatory and the data collection method is documentary and library. In this method, variables and the relationshipsbetween them are examined. In this article, the author seeks to explain the transformed US control system in Iraq against the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this theoretical framework, the research model is first proposed, and then we will discuss the operational application of the proposed model. Using a network approach, the present study seeks to explain how the US controls Iran in Iraq. The research model consists of two parts: the transformation in security orders and the change in the subsequent generations of the control system.Regional order in international relations theories is defined based on the presence of actors in a specific geographical space and the distribution of power between them. Buzan has also added to these definitions the discussion of the model of communication based on cooperation and competition.In the present article, regional order is referred to as a set of governmental and non - governmental units that form a regional security order based on negative and positive security ties between them. Regional orders have experienced three generations of order- building, and consequently, in all three types of orders, the way threats are formed and the dynamics of regional threats have been highly diverse. In the first phase of regional order-building, the existence of powerful state units with high capacity to absorb security crises, as well as linear and causal links between the elements of the order in a predictable manner, have been the most important features of the simple order. In this type of order, security and geopolitical threats arise in the form of predictable losses with a certain scope of destruction.In the second phase of order-building, as the regional order has become more complex, the links between the units have become multi-level and complex.The complexity of the adversarial and cooperative communication links of regional units has led to the unpredictability and uncertainty of structural outcomes. Threats arising from a complex order have two characteristics: emerging and unpredictable. Also, the high fluidity and dynamism of complex orders have caused the level and depth of security crises to be more unpredictable compared to simple and linear orders. (Loswll, 2000, p. 272).With the entry of regional orders into the third phase, a transformation in the essence of communications and the formulation of power-based relations and the formation of threats and many changes have occurred. (Ghasemi, 2013) In the third phase of order-building, as orders become networked and the essence of interactions becomes chaotic, the multi-entity and rapid access of communication nodes to each other are among the most important features of this type of order. The formation of a networked order has led to the emergence of crises and threats of a momentary and cross-border nature that easily violate traditional boundaries and engage in multidimensional and multilayered proliferation.Results and discussion: The evolution of the West Asian security order has led to a transformation of the American control system in the region. The periods of the security order have led to different generations of the control system. In the rest of this article, we will refer to the different periods ofsecurity order-building in the West Asian region. The network containment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq is carried out by the United States through the management of communication nodes. Proxy forces and groups supporting the Resistance Axis have always become one of the most important security issues for the United States in Iraq after the fall of Saddam. And due to the network operation of these forces, their containment is pursued by the United States in a network manner. The strengthening of the political position of Iraqi Shiites after the fall of Saddam can be seen in their synergy in obtaining political positions (Khoury, 2020, p. 5).The networked influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the formation of a political consensus among Shiite parties in the election of prime ministers from the Iraqi parliament, alongside the Popular Mobilization Forces as the military arm of the resistance axis alongside Lebanon's Hezbollah, has fueled the security sensitivities of the United States and its regional allies. The US strategy for containing the axis of resistance, according to their published documents, is based on containing threats by using the capacity of regional allies. In Biden's 2022 National Security Document, using regional allies and friends to control and contain the threat of Iran and extremist groups is listed as the most important foreign policy tool. Avoiding long wars and a continuous military presence are other strategies that have been pursued so far. The geopolitical containment of Iran in Iraq by the US has been carried out in the form of managing communication nodes using convergence and divergence tools. In the form of geopolitical containment, by using the creation of a crisis and insecurity in the region to increase the security costs of the resistance axis, the creation of insecurity and artificial political risks such as ISIS was carried out with the help of the United States and its regional allies to contain Iran in the region. After the fall of Saddam, since the United States helped establish the Central Bank of Iraq in 2004, the US dollar has largely become the main currency of this country. Because a large part of the economy works with cash. Therefore, it is possible for Americans to monitor the transfer of dollars to Iran by controlling the currency transactions of Iraqi banks that work with dollars. Another network tool that the United States uses in geoeconomic containment of Iran in Iraq is the use of regional allies to balance trade with Iran.Conclusion: After the fall of Saddam, containing the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq was one of the basic and important strategies of the United States in the West Asian region. Iran's multi-layered and networked presence in Iraq and the increasing complexity of the security order in the Levant cluster caused the US control system to also tend towards becoming networked. The layers of the US control system in Iraq to contain the Islamic Republic of Iran consisted of the geopolitical sub-network, the geo-economic sub-network, and the geo-energy sub-network. The design of the US network control system in Iraq is based on the management of communication nodes through direct management and theuse of regional allies. Controlling the foreign exchange resources of the Central Bank and other Iraqi banks to prevent their transfer in the form of settling Iraq's debt to Iran is part of the direct US tools in the geo-economic sub-network to control the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq. By controlling the banking transactions of its allies, US officials have always sought to prevent Iran from accessing global currencies such as the dollar. Control and management of the geopolitical nodes of the resistance axis in Iraq is achieved by cutting off links using hardware tools, political synergy with regional allies and political forces within the Iraqi parliament. Intensifying the differences between Shiite parties and strengthening Arab nationalism, along with supporting anti-Shiite armed extremist groups, are considered other US tools in the network control strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq. Combined US containment is considered the latest version of this country's anti-Iranian strategy in Iraq.
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