پژوهشی بر کوشک جال محل در نارنائول و کاخ بایرات/ ویراتنگر در راجستان، دو نمونه از الگوی معماری کوشک های واقع در آب/ جال محل/ چشمه عمارت؛ گونه ای متفاوت از معماری منظر در شبه قاره (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کوشک های واقع در آب، یکی از نوآوری های معماری منظر به شمار می روند. این الگو دیرزمانی در شبه قاره هند و ایران در کنار کوشک های واقع در میان یا کناری از باغات وجهی ممتاز از معماری در چشم اندازها و دستینه ها بودند. اگرچه در جغرافیای ایران به دلیل محدودیت های طبیعی رواج گسترده نیافت، در معماری شبه قاره با تنوع چشمگیری در الگوهای طراحی آبگیر و عمارت مرکزی در گستره ای تاریخی و جغرافیایی ساخته و پرداخته شد. باوجود مطالعات گسترده ای که در تاریخ معماری شبه قاره صورت گرفته، این گونه از معماری منظر آنچنانکه بایسته است، مورد توجه قرار نگرفته. دو نمونه شاخص این الگو که از جهت شیوه طراحی عمارت و آبگیر، نزدیکی قابل توجهی دارند، در این پژوهش مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند؛ یکی کوشک «جال مَحَل» در «نارنائول» و دیگری «کاخ بایرات/ویراتنگر» در ایالت «راجستان» است. داده ها در پژوهش حاضر با مطالعات اسنادی گردآوری شده اند و با بهره گیری از «رهیافت تاریخی» تفسیر و تحلیل شده اند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهند که این دو عمارت در دوره اکبرشاه گورکانی (حک: 1014-963 ه .ق.) ساخته شده اند. اگرچه کاخ بایرات توسط حاکمی غیرمسلمان ساخته شد، می توان علقه های وی را در برگیری از معماری گورکانیان مسلمان، را به روشنی در ساخت و پرداخت آن دید. هر دو نمونه در دو اشکوب ساخته شده اند. دسترسی به عمارت در یکی به وسیله پلی شانزده چشمه و در دیگری به وسیله پلکانی دوردیفه صورت می گرفته است. چهتری های پنج گانه نمای بیرونی بام، از الگویی واحد تبعیت می کند. ساختار برون گرای آن ها، از الگویی پیروی می کند که دیرزمانی در معماری ایرانی و شبه قاره با نام «هشت بهشت» رواج داشت.A study of the Jalmahal pavilion in Narnaul and the Bayrat / Viratangar Palace in Rajasthan, two examples of the architectural model of the waterfront pavilions / Jalmahl / Cheshmeh Emarat; A different kind of Landscape architecture in the subcontinent
Waterfront pavilions are one of the innovations of nighttime gardening. In the late Middle Ages and late Islamic period, the tradition of gardening along with watering with a special style was popularized by artists and architects in the subcontinent. It seems that the first examples of this architectural pattern were formed on the continental night during the reign of the Mamluk kings, imitating the landscape architecture of some Hindu temples. The pattern of water pavilions became widespread during the reign of Gurkhani and due to their extensive connection with the Safavid court, this gardening tradition led to the development and continuation of the architectural pattern of the subcontinent culture of Iran. The present research has tried to use this "historical approach" in this architectural pattern in two blanks that have a symmetrical pattern; One to study, introduce and compare the "Jal Mahal Palace in Narnatul" and the other "Destructive Bayrat Palace in the State of Rajasthan" in the Indian subcontinent. IntroductionLandscape design in Iranian architecture began a long time ago with the construction of gardens and green spaces and had gone through a degree of excellence. Aquaculture as the dominant landscape is a new experience that has not received much attention in architectural history research.This seems to be the reason why there is a difference of opinion in explaining their origin and name; Some researchers have called this model of landscape architecture "pavilion located in the water" (Koch, 1373: 60-47).Others have called them "the source of construction" (Shekari Nairi, 1398: 190). This is despite the fact that two examples of them in the subcontinent have been named "Jal Mahal" meaning hunting place (Joshi et all, 1999: 65; Sharma et all, 2008: 1531).Despite examining examples of this pattern in both the subcontinent and Iran, two examples of them in the subcontinent, which have significant similarities in terms of appearance and structural features, have not been introduced much and there is no complete knowledge of them.One is a mansion called Jalmahl in Narnaul in northwestern India and the other is a mansion called Bayrat / Viratinger 65 km southeast. The present study tries to answer two basic questions, one regarding the structural features of the two buildings and the other, the functional aspect and the origin of their design, and through this, tries to explain their names.1.1. Research methodologyData collection has been done through documentary studies; therefore, while fully describing the studied samples, an attempt has been made to obtain a qualitative analysis of the structural features, origin, and functional aspects of such works by using the historical approach. DiscussionThe architecture of the Islamic era in recent centuries has benefited from a considerable variety of designs. The development of architectural patterns that had begun in the historical period reached its final stages during this time. The geometry that in the second half of the Middle Ages in the "Azeri style" was more and more dependent on the design of architectural works and according to Pirnia, led to the variety of designs (Pirnia, 2007: 21).It blended with other elements and gave a sublime form to architecture. One of these elements was manifested in landscape architecture. This element was "water"; What had previously been offered in this field of architecture in the form of a garden or a four-garden, and which was actually displayed in gardening, experienced a new and, of course, not pervasive idea. The new experience is "watering".In other words, the pavilions, instead of gardens and orchards that were accompanied by water tables, geysers and "ponds", appeared in an area of water. Due to its natural and climatic talents, this model was built and developed in lands where the main infrastructure was provided.Geographical reports, historical and architectural evidences indicate that the pattern of the waterfront pavilion is derived from Hindu landscape architecture. The first subcontinent Muslim sultans from a land with a cold climate ordered to build these dams / reservoirs to moderate the climate in the subcontinent and provide a large source of water to meet the needs of city dwellers. Historical evidence shows that in addition to the functions we went through, sluices were used for other purposes during the reign of the Gurkha kings of India, especially Akbarshah and Jahangirshah: hunting waterfowl, fishing and hunting cattle that used these lakes as watering place.For this reason, some of them have been called Jal meaning hunting. The Muslim sultans of India’s interest in nature was sometimes revealed in the form of pavilions and mansions on the water which had not previously been possible in Central Asia and Afghanistan due to natural limitationsThe dazzling display of the pavilions and the water level of the halls in the court ceremonies at night with the help of lights and lanterns was another motive that was effective in the subcontinent as a court tradition and in Iran as a case in having such a landscape architecture. Ambitious thoughts can be added to these motives; Landscape architecture, which had previously matured in the form of gardens and orchards, did not soothe the ambitious spirit of both employers and landscape architects.Akbarshah Gurkhani’s (d. 1014-963 AH) interest in hunting and fishing was the reason two mansions was built in Bayrat in this type of architecture to be used during his visit in the present state of Rajasthan.Despite being inspired by the ancient tradition in the subcontinent for the view of both mansions, in the construction of the middle mansion due to its extroverted capabilities and better utilization of the view, the Iranian model of Hashtbehesht was used. The influence of Iranian architecture does not end with this pattern because the inscriptions of Persian poetry in the example of Jalemhal and the Iranian arrays used in the interior facades of the Bayrat pavilion along with the external arches have Iranian identity.This is exactly the repetition of the same methods that were common with the arrival of Iranian architects to the court of the Gurkhani kings. Indian parachutes on the exterior of both mansions functionally accelerate the airflow in the mansion and in a way, apart from the aesthetic aspects, by creating natural suckers; they are very effective in modulating the air. These elements are clearly derived from indigenous architecture. ConclusionThe water pavilion was first erected on the subcontinent during the Islamic era due to its natural talent. Due to extensive relations established between Iran and the subcontinent in the late Middle Ages and later centuries, the mansion located in the water also entered the architecture of Iran, but unlike the original geography, natural constraints prevented its spread throughout Iran and in a number comparable to the subcontinent. Temperature adjustment during the hot season, drinking water supply and agriculture, creation of hunting grounds, nature love, and providing a beautiful landscape especially during the festivities that were held at night are the reasons for establishing this landscape architecture pattern.The two examples of Narnaul and the Viratinger / Bayrat pavilion were also built based on the same needs by the local rulers to please the Gurkhani emperor, Akbarshah (d. 1014-963 AH). In their design and construction, a beautiful combination of native subcontinent / Hindu architecture and Iranian architecture can be clearly seen. 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