تأثیرات هیدروپلیتیک هورالعظیم بر آسیب های محیط زیستی ایران و عراق (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
توسعه کشورها در بخش های کشاورزی و صنعتی و بروز پدیده خشک سالی در بخش هایی از غرب آسیا باعث گردیده که کشورهایی ازجمله ایران و عراق با مشکلات کمبود آب مواجه گردیده و نتوانند حق آبه زیست محیطی تالاب های خود را تأمین نمایند. از طرفی بحران آب، به عنوان یکی از موضوعات هیدروپلیتیکی موجب تنش، درگیری و جنگ در سطح محلی، ملی، منطقه ای و جهانی تبدیل شده است. این مسله بویژه زمانی که یک منبع آبی، گستره ای بیش از یک کشور را در بر می گیرد بیشتر قابل توجه است. از مهم ترین تالاب ها در مرز مشترک ایران و عراق تالاب بین المللی هورالعظیم می باشد که در بخش غربی ایران واقع گردیده است. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی آسیب های زیست محیطی تالاب هورالعظیم در دو کشور ایران و عراق است. روش کار در این تحقیق، از روش کیفی با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای و اینترنتی با استفاده از مقالات و گزارش ها و کتاب های مربوط به موضوع مورد پژوهش استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان داد تالاب هورالعظیم به عنوان تالاب مشترک بین ایران و عراق در دهه های اخیر به دلیل احداث سدهای بزرگ درشمال عراق و جنوب ترکیه و کشورسوریه و تا حدودی ایران (احداث سد کرخه) و همچنین احداث سد بر رودخانه های دجله و فرات توسط کشور ترکیه پروژه (گاپ) با کاهش سطح آب ورودی و در نتیجه خشک شدن مواجه شده است. خشک شدن تالاب علاوه بر تبعات منفی برای ساکنان منطقه، سبب بروز مشکلاتی همچون ریز گردها و وقوع بیماری ها شده است و در آینده مشکلات جدی سیاسی را بین کشورهای ایران، ترکیه و عراق به وجود خواهد آورد.Hydropolitical effects of Hur al-Azim on environmental damage in Iran and Iraq
Extended AbstractIntroductionThe water crisis is one of the most important environmental threats of the 21st century, which leaves negative effects in various sectors of agriculture, social, economic, health, international relations, and also the environment. This issue has caused a crisis in the political relations of the countries that have common watersheds. Therefore, due to the importance of water resources, water geopolitics or hydropolitics has become a topic and has provided the context for patterns of interaction ,and cooperation or conflict between groups, political actors and countries.The relations between Iran and Iraq have been critical for several decades due to geopolitical factors such as the water issue. Because Iraq has faced water problems in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins due to Turkey's actions. Therefore, it is expected that Iran will take preventive measures against the desired water transfer projects in the Little Zab River, Alvand and Sirvan river basins.Hor al-Azeem is the largest common border wetland between Iran and Iraq In the last two decades, with the occurrence of severe droughts, the implementation of dam construction programs and numerous drainage irrigation networks on the Karkheh River and its tributaries, unfavorable conditions have been created in terms of providing environmental water rights for this wetland, which has become a source of fine dust production. has become and as a result has caused many environmental, social, political and economic problems. MethodologyBased on the descriptive-analytical method and through the use of documents, evidence and historical evidence related to the subject of the research, this research has investigated the hydropolitical effects of Horul Azim on the environmental damage of Iran and Iraq. Results and DiscussionThe main source of water supply for Horul Azim Wetland is a part of Tigris river in Iraq and Karkheh river in Iran. One of the major problems in the Horul Azim wetland is the discussion of dam construction in the Euphrates river basins in Turkey. Considering the fact that this dam is located on the border of southeast Turkey and its construction on the Tigris River, which flows into Iraq and has made Iran's environment dependent on it, this issue is of great importance for Iran. Among other potential areas of wetland crisis, we can mention the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Tigris and Euphrates basins. The Horul Azim wetland in Iran is also damaged due to the lack of water due to the use of water from the rivers entering the wetland for agricultural purposes and the entry of sewage into it. Among the destructive actions of the Iraqi government that have caused the drying up of Horal Hamar, Central Hor and Hor al Azim. One of these measures that contributed to the accelerated drying of wetlands was the drainage measures in Iraq. Creating dams on the branches of the Tigris that irrigate Horul-Azeem and Horul-Huweza and divert the water from the main route to the routes intended by the Iraqi government so that water can be transferred for agriculture in dry areas was another measure in this field. Another challenge in the field of environment is the micro dust crisis. The important role of Hor-ul-Azeem wetland in neutralizing the storm dust that comes from the Rab-al-Khali desert towards Iran has been lost due to the drying up of this wetland. This wetland has not only lost its suction properties, but also adds to the deterioration of the fine dust situation in Khuzestan by accumulating fine-grained sediments along with very fine salt sediments on its bed, when the winds blow from the southwest to the northeast. ConclusionHorul Azim wetland is one of the most important natural Frontiers in the border region of Iran and Iraq, which is exposed to the crisis of drying up and the occurrence of social and biological phenomena in Iraq and Iran. Oil extraction by the countries of Iran and Iraq in the eastern and western parts of the wetland and not paying attention to the biological condition of the wetland has caused the pollution and drying of a large part of the wetland bed, especially in Iraq. The drying up of the wetland has caused the occurrence of dust, as well as increased migration from border cities to internal cities (Iran and Iraq) and increased air temperature in these areas, especially in summer. Also, in Iran, successive droughts and the increase in cultivated area in the Karkhe river basin (from upstream to downstream) ,and the development of fish breeding ponds have made it unable to provide the natural water rights of the wetland in the past years.
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