سقوط حکومت شیعه صفی در قم (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با اضمحلال دولت ایلخانی، یکی از خاندان های اصیل و خوش نام قمی، خاندان صفی، در شهر شیعه نشین قم به حکومت رسید و اعضایی از آن خاندان دانش دوست و هنرپرور شیعه، به مدت هشتاد سال (816-736ق./1413-1335م.) بر قم و مضافات آن فرمان راندند. در آن دوران، ایران، به ویژه ایران مرکزی، دستخوش نابسامانی و عرصه تاخت و تاز و کشمکش میان قدرت هایی چون آل چوپان، جلایریان و مظفریان بود. در چنین اوضاع و احوالی، فرمانروایان خردمند صفی با در پیش گرفتن سیاست مدارا و همزیستی مسالمت آمیز با همه قدرت های پیرامون، قم را از گزند حمله مصون داشتند. با این حال، آنان گاه برای دفع تهاجم دشمن، به مقتضای مصالح وقت، به یک قدرت دور، نزدیک می شدند. در آغاز دومین دهه قرن نهم هجری، اسکندر بن عمر شیخ، نوه تیمور که بر فارس حاکم بود، بر عموی خود شاهرخ، سلطان وقت تیموری، شورید، بر اصفهان و بیشتر عراق عجم دست یافت و قم را هم تهدید کرد. در آن زمان قرایوسف قراقویونلو در غرب ایران قدرت بسیار یافته و شیعه نیز شده بود. فرمانروای وقت قم، خواجه محمد صفی، برای دفع تهاجم اسکندر، با قرایوسف متحد شد و او را به نبرد با اسکندر برانگیخت. حکومت صفی نیرومند بود و قم نیز از موقعیت سوق الجیشی ممتازی برخوردار بود. این تصمیم خواجه صفی، موقعیت اسکندر را در این ناحیه با خطر جدی مواجه کرد و او را به تسخیر قم برانگیخت. شهر با خیانت یکی از معتمدان خواجه محمد صفی- نه برتری نظامی اسکندر- سقوط کرد و حاکمیت هشتاد ساله شیعه در آن، پایان یافت.The Fall of Safi S’hiite Government in Qom
By the collapse of the Ilkhanid state, the Safi family, one of the noble and well-known families of Qom gained power in the Shiite city, and members of this patron of arts and learning family governed over Qom and its outskirts for eighty years (736-816 AH/ 1335-1413 AD). In those days, Iran, especially central Iran was exposed to disorder, invasions, and conflicts between powers like Ale-chuban, the Jalayerids, and Ale-Mozaffar. In such conditions, the wise Safi governors secured Qom from attack by choosing a policy of coexistence with all powers around. However, they sometimes befriended and united with a faraway power to confront the enemy's attack. At the beginning of the second decade of the 9th century AH, Timur’s grandson Iskandar ibn Umar Shaikh (812-817 AH/ 1409-1414 AD) conquered most of the Iraqi ÁJam and threatened Qom too. In those days, Qarayusef Qaraqoyunlo (813-823 AH/ 1410-1420 AD.) had gained great power in western Iran. He was a Shiite. To confront Iskandar’s aggression, Qom’s ruler of the time Ḵhajeh Mohammade Safi (806-816 AH/ 1404-1413 AD) united with Qarayusef and provoked him into war with Iskandar. The Safi government was powerful and Qom had an excellent strategic situation; therefore, Ḵhajeh Mohammad’s decision seriously endangered Iskandar’s condition in the region and provoked him to conquer Qom. Qom was fallen by the treachery of one of Ḵhajeh Mohammad’s confidants.
Keywords: Ḵhajeh Mohammad-e Safi, Iskandar-ibn Umar Shaikh, Qarayusef-e Qaraqoyunlo, Sultaniyeh, Qom.
Introduction
Safi family was one of the noble families of the Shiite city of Qom and had great power and influence in that city for about two centuries (7 th -9 th AH/ 13 th -15 th AD). The family had a great role in reconstructing Qom after the Mongol invasion. By the collapse of the Ilkhanid state, the Safi family gained power in Qom, and members of that family governed over the city and its outskirts for eighty years (736-816 AH/ 1335-1413 AD). Safi was a patron of the arts and learning family and therefore gained high respect in Qom and outside of it. Works and monuments remaining from the family in various parts of Qom indicate the great services done by the family for the city. The Safi government was one of the most powerful local dynasties in Iraqi Ájam. In addition to Qom and its dependencies-widespread territory, too.
In those days, Iran, especially central Iran was exposed to disorder, invasions, and conflict between different powers. In such conditions, Safi governors secured Qom from attack by choosing a policy of coexistence with all powers around. Unlike other local dynasties, which after a short term were annexed to more powerful governments, the Safi dynasty prolonged till the 2 nd decade of the 9 th AH/ 15 th AD. Khajeh Ibrahim (796-866 AH/ 1394-1404 AD), the Safi governor of Qom, officially allied with Timur (771-807 AH/ 1370-1405 AD) and maintained his rule over the city as Timur’s vassal. Pir Ahmad-e Sadeh was appointed by Timur as the governor in 790 AH/ 1387 AD. Timur’s successor, Shahrukh (807-850 AH/ 1405-1447AD), appointed Shah Khalil Mirza as Amir (governor) of Iraq (812-814 AH/ 1409-1412 AD). The Shah did not interfere in Qom’s affairs.
Safi governors sometimes confronted enemy attacks and allied with a faraway power. After Timur’s death (807AH/ 1405 AD), his grandson Iskandar ibn Umar Shaikh (812-817 AH/ 1409-1414 AD) conquered most of Iraqi Ájam and threatened Qom too. In those days, Qarayusef (813-823 AH/ 1410-1420 AD) the head of the Qaraquyunlu Turkaman tribe, had gained great power in western Iran. To confront Iskandar’s aggression, Qom’s ruler of the time, Khajeh Mohammad Safi (806-816 AH/ 1404-1413 AD), allied with QaraQuyunlu’s chief and encouraged him into war with Iskandar. This khajeh’s action provoked Iskandar to conquer Qom and overthrow the Safi government. The fall of the Safi dynasty is an important incident in the Shiism history of Iran and no research has been done on this issue.
Materials and Methods
In the present study, which is done using the library method, concerning sources, and new research, the author studies Khajeh Mohammad Safi’s alliance with Qarayusef Qara Quyunlu and the effect of this alliance on Iskandar’s condition to describe the fall of Safi government in Qom.
Research Findings
In the second decade of the 9 th century AH, Timur ibn Umar Shaikh conquered most of Iraqi Ájam and threatened Qom too. In those days Safi dynasty governed Qom. In such conditions, Safi governors allied with a faraway power. This power should be more powerful than his rivals and the alliance with him would incur less loss to the city. In the 9 th AH/ 15 th AD century, Qarayusef, the chief of the Qaraquyunlu Turkaman tribe had gained great power in western Iran and achieved victory in some wars against Timurid kings. Qarayusef was a capable politician and had good management power. More importantly, unlike the Sunni Iskandar, he, like Khajeh Mohammad Safi and the people of Qom, was a Shiite. To confront Iskandar’s aggression, Khajeh Mohammad allied with Qarayusef.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Considering the results of the study, Iskandar’s main dominion was on the course of important commercial routes, mainly south of the northern passage of war and commerce. This passage which was the main highway of Iran, located south of the Alborz Mountains, and from the old times was the main passage of commerce and military expeditions between Khorasan and west of Iran. In those days, Sultanieh stood at the confluence of the north-south main roads in Iran and the northern passage of war and commerce. Therefore, by the alliance between Sultaniyeh’s governors (i.e. Bastam and Iskandar), the Timurid king had access to the northern passage. However, Qom was midway on the main road between Isfahan, Iskandar’s capital, and Sultaniyeh. Moreover, in the 9 th century AH, the favored route for military expeditions between Khorasan and Iraqi Ájam was through Qom and along the southern edge of the Alborz Mountains. The city by such strategic importance was located on the northern border of Iskandar’s main dominion. Therefore, it is obvious that the alliance of the two powerful Shiite leaders (Khajeh Mohammad Safi and Qarayusef Qaraqoyunlu), seriously endangered Iskandar’s position in the region. Iskandar’s wise minister Hafez Razi deemed that conquering Qom is a necessity. Qom was conquered not by Iskandar's military superiority but by the treachery of one of Khajeh Mohammad’s confidants. Consequently, the Safi dynasty in Qom was fallen.
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