نظریه ای درباره جنگ و شهادت طلبی به مثابه روش اصلی در قیام سیدالشهدا(ع): سنجش شواهد تاریخی موافق (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در برابر نظریه های ارائه شده برای توضیح معقول و موجه از چرایی (علت غایی) قیام سیدالشهدا(ع)، در مقاله حاضر تلاش شده است با استفاده از روش استنتاج بهترین توضیح، از نظریه ای با صورت بندی زیر، برای تبیین چرایی و چگونگی قیام سیدالشهدا (ع) دفاع شود : امام(ع) از آغاز، با آگاهی کامل و با اراده خود، روش جنگ و شهادت طلبی را نه به عنوان هدف، به مثابه روش اصلی برای رسیدن به اهداف خود انتخاب کرد و روش های دیگر چون تشکیل حکومت، مذاکره و صلح را روش های فرعی در خدمت این روش اصلی به کار گرفت. برای رسیدن به این هدف، نشان داده می شود که رخدادهایی چون قیام در زمان حکومت یزید، نه در زمان معاویه، رفتن امام (ع) به کوفه با وجود مخالفت بسیاری از صاحب نظران و آگاهی از پیمان شکنی کوفیان، همراه بردن خانواده، ادامه حرکت به کوفه حتی پس از، از بین رفتن احتمال موفقیت در تشکیل حکومت و رفتن امام(ع) به سمت کوفه با وجود اطلاع از سست عنصری و پیمان شکنی مردم کوفه، برخی از شواهد تاریخی اند که نظریه برگزیده در قیاس با نظریه های رقیب، توضیح به مراتب بهتر و معقول تری را از آ نها ارائه می دهد؛ از این رو، باور به صدق نظریه برگزیده در قیاس با نظریه های رقیب، موجه و معقول است.A Theory of War and Seeking Martyrdom as the Major Means of Imam al-Husain’s Uprising: An Appraisal of Confirming Historical Evidence
In the present study, by employing Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE), attempts are made to formulate and defend a theory that can explain rationally and justifiably the uprising of Imam al-Husain (AS). The suggested theory is formulated as follows: from the beginning of his movement, Imam Husain (AS) chose to participate in war and seek martyrdom consciously and voluntarily, not as his aim, but as major means to his ends and used other means such as trying for government formation, negotiation with his enemies, and peacekeeping as the minor means to facilitate the major ones. In this study, we try to illustrate that the suggested theory, in comparison to its rivals, can explain some historical events rationally. Such events include Imam Husain’s move to Kufa despite facing significant disagreement and backlash from many people, his uprise against Yazīd’s government but not Muʿāwiya’s, his effort to maintain his move to Kufa despite having no chance to form a government, along with his move toward Kufa despite knowing that the vast majority of people in Kufa are unfaithful and will renege on their promise to fight against Bani Umayyah. The conclusion of the study is that belief in the truth of the suggested theory is rational and justified.
Keywords : Imam al-Husain (AS), Uprising, Kufa, Seeking Martyrdom, Government Formation, IBE.
Introduction
According to many historians, Prophet Muhammad (SA) is one of the most influential persons in history at both religious and secular levels. There is no doubt, however, that his movement would not have been so successful without the dedicated support of some of his followers, in particular, the sacrificing movement of Imam al-Husain (AS). So, it is not surprising that so many books and papers have focused their central theme on explaining and analyzing the historical impact of the Imam and his unique role in introducing faithful Islam.
Many theories have been proposed to explain the rationales behind Imam al-Husayn’s (AS) uprising against Yazīd’s government. The most important theories are participating in war and seeking martyrdom as the main aim, government formation as the main aim, changing the main objective from seeking martyrdom to government formation, and a theory which says Imam al-Husain’s (AS) movement had three reasons: refusing bey’at (alliance) with Yazid, the invitation of the people of Kufa, and enjoining (what is) right and forbidding (what is) evil.
This study will propose a new historical analysis of Imam al-Husain’s (AS) uprising. In other words, we formulate and defend a theory that, from a historical point of view, can explain rationally and justifiably the uprising of Imam al-Husain (AS). The suggested theory is formulated as follows: from the beginning of his movement, Imam Husayn (AS) chose to participate in war and seek martyrdom consciously and voluntarily, not as his aim, but as significant means to his ends and used other means such as trying for government formation, negotiation with his enemies, and peacekeeping as the minor means to facilitate the major ones.
Materials and Methods
The method of Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) is used to evaluate and justify the suggested theory. The outcome of IBE can hardly prove the truth of an idea. However, the method can show which theory amongst the rivals best explains available evidence. In other words, IBE can show that belief in the truth of which theory is rational and justified.
Research Findings
In IBE, all confirming and disconfirming evidence of a theory should be evaluated. However, the volume of this study does not allow for the evaluation of the evidence against the suggested approach. So, only the most essential supporting historical events are evaluated critically. These events are Imam Husain’s uprising against Yazīd’s government but not Muʿāwiya’s, his moving to Kufa despite facing significant disagreement and backlash from many people, taking the family with himself despite all dangers of war, his effort to maintain his move to Kufa despite having no chance to form a government, also his move toward Kufa despite knowing that the vast majority of people in Kufa is unfaithful and will renege on their promise to fight against Bani Umayyah.
It is possible to explain taking the family along based on the general strategy of Imam (AS) if we put the basis of Imam Hussain (AS) in such a way that from the very beginning and in a conscious way, he had the intention of war and seeking martyrdom to achieve his goals. One of the most important factors in the success of such strategies is the explanation of the goals and causes of the uprising and extensive publicity around it. The Imam (AS) knew very well that otherwise, historical events would quickly be distorted and memories would be lost. Therefore, he brought the closest and most reliable people with him to be a true and honest spokesperson of the events that happened. In other words, being apart or being with the family each had advantages and disadvantages, and Imam (AS) came to the conclusion that the latter has much more advantages. It was not the case that taking the family captive was the goal of the Imam (AS), but taking the family with him was part of the plan of Seyyed al-Shahada (AS), and history also showed that the plan and prediction of the Imam (AS) were very accurate and correct.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
The study concludes that belief in the truth of the suggested theory is rational and justified. This means that, compared to its rivals, the suggested theory best explains the rationales behind the events in Imam al-Husain’s (AS) movement. The first advantage of the suggested theory is distinguishing between the aim and method. From Shia’s theological point of view, all twelve Imams had the same aim. What makes Imam al-Husain’s (AS) movement distinct from other Imams is his unique method. The next advantage of the theory is avoiding false dilemmas such as either seeking martyrdom or government formation, seeking martyrdom or peace, and the like. However, the theory's most important superiority over its rivals is its power to explain rationally and adequately the historical events related to Imam’s uprising.
تبلیغات
