مقایسه عناصر روستایی در جای خالی سلوچ محمود دولت آبادی و صد سال تنهایی گابریل گارسیا مارکز بر اساس مؤلفه های ادبیات اقلیمی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
محمود دولت آبادی از جمله نویسندگان خطه خراسان است که آثار داستانی خود را با ویژگی های اقلیمی و به ویژه مؤلفه های روستایی پدید آورده است. گابریل گارسیا مارکز نیز در آمریکای جنوبی از نویسندگانی است که دارای آثاری خاص با ویژگی های منحصر به فرد است. در این پژوهش، رمان جای خالی سلوچ و صد سال تنهایی با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و تطبیقی از جهت تفاوت ها و تشابهات ادبیات اقلیمی با هم مقایسه شده اند. با وجود تفاوت های زیادی که میان نحوه پرداختن این دو نویسنده به این مضامین وجود دارد در این دو رمان در حوزه ویژگی های اقلیمی روستاها تشابهاتی دیده می شود که بیشتر سبک زندگی روستایی، موقعیت دهکده و خانه ها، نزدیکی به طبیعت بکر، دوری از زندگی تجملی و برخی شرایط زندگی که سادگی و ابتدایی بودن احتیاجات را شامل می شود. تفاوت های این دو رمان در حوزه فرهنگ و اوضاع اجتماعی بروز می کند. دولت آبادی محیطی کاملاً روستایی را به تصویر کشیده که همه ویژگی های روستا را در آن می توان دید و هدفش نشان دادن مشکلات روستائیان در دهه چهل ایران و نحوه تعامل مردم با آن بوده است، اما مارکز با هدف نشان دادن چگونگی تبدیل یک دهکده به شهری بزرگ و پیشرفته، ماکوندو را پدید آورده و کمتر به ویژگی های روستایی آن پرداخته است و بیشتر آداب و رسوم و باور های مردم آمریکای جنوبی را به عنوان شرایط اقلیمی نشان داده است.The Study and Comparison of Domesticism in the Works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Climate Literature is a type of literature that is an outcome of climatic and geographical conditions. Climate Literature, in Iran, contains a number of branches including the Climate Literature of the South (The School of Khouzestan), the Climate Literature of the North (The School of Gilan), Isfahan's Climate Literature (The School of Isfahan), Khorasan's Climate Literature (The School of Khorasan) and Rural Literature. It is essential to remind that these schools usually find their meanings through Fiction. An important part of Climate Literature is Rural Literature. The cultural and social developments of the 40s (Land Reform, arguments on Westernism, and the need to return to the simple and traditional way of rural life) made the authors take a new look at rural problems and led to a new approach which was entitled as Rural Literature. Rural Literature started seriously with the monographs of Jalal Aleahmad and Gholamhossein Saedi, but Gholamhossein Saedi was the actual leader of Rural Literature in Iran. Most of his stories have a rural theme. Azadaran-e-Bayal, Toop and Tars-o-Larz gain their themes from his journeys and research throughout different parts of Iran. Another one of such active authors is Mahmoud Dolatabadi. Although paying attention to rural issues especially the ones of the rural parts of Azerbaijan is seen in the works of Samad Behrangi and Amin Faqiri, the extensive and focal aspect of this type of literature has revealed its echos in numerous works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi.
Keywords: Garcia Marquez, Rural Literature, Dolatabadi.
Introduction
The literary work is a full-view mirror that reflects the personality of the author, his thoughts and ideas, and the obvious and hidden angles of his society; in this way, the reader can enter the author's inner world. In fact, knowing the literary work is to a large extent equal to knowing the author and his views and social conditions. Comparative literature is also a way to know other nations and establish an intellectual and cultural relationship with them. In short, we will discuss the comparative literature of history and the novel, the emergence of its goals, and the tools it needs. Comparative literature is a branch of literature that apparently examines the literature of different countries of the world, or in other words, the topic is the discussion of relations and literary influence of two countries. In fact, comparative literature was formed when communication between nations expanded and travel increased.
Mahmoud Dolatabadi is one of the contemporary Iranian writers who has his own writing style. Considering the environment of his childhood, he attaches great importance to rural literature, and his novel Missing Soluch has also benefited a lot from this type of literature.
Gabriel José García Márquez was a Colombian novelist, writer, journalist, publisher, and political activist. Márquez won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. He is known more than his other works for the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude published in 1967, which is one of the best-selling books in the world in the style of magical realism.
Mahmoud Dolatabadi is one of the writers who paid a lot of attention to the village, and in all his works, the native elements of the villages of Khorasan province, especially around Sabzevar, which is the author's hometown, can be seen. This author, in the way of realism and sometimes magical realism, has dealt with the features of life in the village, customs, love, marriage, and the interaction between lord and serf.
Gabriel García Márquez has also revived the native components of his living region in Latin American literature. He lives among people whose women are very superstitious and believe in supernatural forces. The influence of these people can be clearly seen in Márquez's life and writings. One of the important issues in Marquez's works is love and marriage and romantic friendships, which are clearly different from the customs of other regions.
Comparing the works of Dolatabadi and Marquez is very important since they are facing two different cultures. Because on the one hand, their climatic conditions are different, which is clear in the works, and on the other hand, the difference can be seen in the social customs, beliefs, and way of life of the characters.
Literature Review
Since the present research is comparing and contrasting climate literature and its reflection in the works of two famous Iranian writers (Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez), therefore, it is necessary to give a background of the first two categories, although the researches conducted in different fields are comprehensive and relevant.
Analyzing the cognitive style of Mahmoud Dolatabadi, Hossein Hosseinpour, Alashti Persian Language and Literature Magazine, vol. 8, 2005, p. 221. In this article, the language of Dolatabadi's stories is analyzed from the point of view of stylistics, whose combination of ancient and native vernacular forms with special syntactic structures and extensive sensory similes in a special syntactic context form the most important stylistic indicators of the language of his stories.
A comparative study of the novel "Missing Soluch" by Mahmoud Dolatabadi and "Short Stories" by Maroun Abboud from the perspective of climate literature: Khaghani Esfahani, Mohammad Najafi, Hassan; Kavosh-Nameh Journal of Comparative Literature (Autumn 2013, No. 15 Scientific Research 23 ISC from 25 to 47) two authors, despite not having any connection due to the time and place distance, but due to their coexistence with the people of a particular region and being influenced by the environment, have provided the readers with an almost comprehensive and complete picture of the natural and human geography of the region.
Methodology
The analysis of information is based on the components of climate literature and beliefs and customs included in the works of two authors. In this way, by reading the works of two authors, native components are extracted and while analyzing, they are compared with each other and the result is shown in graphs. The method of content analysis is used due to the fact that the content of the works is of interest and we compare them based on the content and themes. Content analysis is a technique through which the special features of messages can be systematically and objectively identified. (Chava Frankford, 2011: 469)
"Barden" also considers content analysis as a set of communication analysis techniques that are used to describe the content of the message and systematic objective methods (Barden, 1374: 38). It should be a systematic procedure to check the content of recorded information. (Rajerdi, 2004: 217) "Barden" also considers content analysis as a set of communication analysis techniques that are used to describe the content of the message and regular objective methods (Barden, 2014: 38). It can also be any systematic procedure that is recorded in order to check the content of the information. (Rajerdi, 2004: 217)
Results
Comparing the native characteristics of two stories from two different regions can show the effect of climatic conditions on customs and personal and social relations and beliefs. For this reason, it is necessary to compare the works of prominent writers from different countries and examine their cultural similarities and differences.
In this research, the works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Gabriel García Márquez were compared in terms of climatic characteristics. Dolatabadi is one of the writers whose fictional locations are mostly villages, but Marquez's fictional locations include cities and villages. The effect of the environment and geography, the way a writer deals with issues, as well as the climatic conditions and the writer's lifestyle, along with his rhythm and tone create his style. The main subject of most of Dolatabadi's pieces is the description of the problems of the common people in the villages of Khorasan. In Márquez's pieces, the impact of society's context can be clearly seen along with magical realism as a recurring element. In these works, we come across climatic similarities, which shows the cultural and social similarity of rural communities. Some elements that are inevitable in rural life can be seen in the works of both authors, including some occupations such as working on the land, keeping animals, travel equipment, and transportation. The style of naturalism can be seen in Dolatabadi's works, while Márquez is more realistic, and even in One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is written in the style of magical realism, we can see realism in many cases and in some cases, he has included naturalistic scenes in the story.
Dolatabadi's description of places is accompanied by feelings and emotions, and the narrator enjoys the scene along with the characters. This feature does not exist in Marquez's works, and the narrator's closeness and his feelings towards the place are not felt. The sense of belonging of the characters in the story is one of the similarities between these works.
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