تأثیر پیکرگردانی بر تغییر جایگاه شخصیت در پاره ای از قصه های عامه (با نگرش به نظریه «شخصیت» از دیدگاه کلود برمون) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
پیکرگردانی یا ترنسفورم به تغییر ماهوی شخصیت انسانی یا غیرانسانی بر اثر نیرویی فرازمینی اطلاق می شود. مقاله حاضر بر آن است که این استحاله ماهوی شخصیت های قصه های عامه را در چهارچوب نظریه روایت شناسی کلود برمون مورد بررسی قرار دهد. کلود برمون در طبقه بندی نقش شخصیت در روایت داستانی، شخصیت های «کارگزار» و «کارپذیر» را براساس بسط نظریه تقابل دوگانه لوی استروس در مورد شخصیت های کنش گر مورد نظر ساخت گرایان مطرح کرد. کارگزار در قصه، نقشی فعال، مؤثر و پویا دارد و نقطه مقابل آن، کارپذیر دارای نقشی منفعل و تأثیرپذیر است. پژوهش حاضر برآن است به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که براساس نظریه برمون، پیکرگردانی در قصه های عامه، چگونه می تواند منجر به تغییر کارکرد شخصیت شود و به تبع آن، جایگاه و نقش شخصیت را در قصه از کارگزار به کارپذیر و یا برعکس دگرگون سازد؟ این پژوهش از طریق گردآوری منابع به روش کتابخانه ای و به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی قصد دارد با استدلال های خود به این نتیجه برسد که به طور مشخص در چهار قصه برگزیده از ادب عامه شامل «بلبل سرگشته»، «ماه پیشانی»، «نمکی» و «چل گیس» که به عنوان نمونه های مورد پژوهش انتخاب شده اند، پیکرگردانی سبب می شود که شخصیت داستانی، پس از استحاله در طول قصه از لحاظ تأثیرپذیری از کنش دگرگون شود، کنش های جدیدی خلق کند و یا از کنش های جدید متأثر شود و در نتیجه آن از کارگزار به کارپذیر و یا از کارپذیر به کارگزار تغییر جایگاه بدهد.The Effect of Transformation on Changing the Role of Characters in the Selection of Folk Tales
Transformation in fictional narratives is referred to the essential changes of human or inhuman characters by a supernatural force. The present article is intended to examine this essential transformation of the characters of folk tales in the context of Claude Bremond's narrative theory. In classifying the role of the character in the narrative, Claude Bremond proposed the "Agent" and the "Patient" characters based on the extension of Levi-Strauss's "Binary Oppositions" theory of "Actant" characters. The agent has an active, effective, and dynamic role in the story, and on the other hand, the patient is passive and impressible. The present study seeks to answer the question: according to Bremond's theory, how the transformation in folk tales can lead to change in the function of the character and consequently, the status and role of the character in the story, from agent to patient and vice versa? This study, through referring to the library sources and by descriptive-analytical methods, in four specific folktales as the case studies, intends to conclude that transformation causes the main and sub characters, to create new actions or be affected by the new ones, after the transubstantiation. And as a result, they change from an agent to a patient or vice versa.
Keywords: Transformation, Claude Bremond, Agent, Patient, Folk Tales.
Introduction
In the Folk Literature of Iran, relatively countless examples of transformation can be seen. Transformation means changing the shape and nature of humans or objects and creatures in such a way that they appear in a new form. The essential change in their character by means of a transcendental force causes the emergence of unprecedented characteristics in them that did not exist in them before that. The appearance of these new features in the character affects his activism more than anything else. This change in action leads to a change in the approach and position of the character in every folk tale and changes the character's level of passivity and activism to a great extent.
The present research attempts to examine the change of character's position and role from agent to patient and vice versa, through the change that occurs in their activism and passivity, by using the theory of contemporary narratologist and structurist, Claude Bremond, to investigate four specific examples of folk stories, and for the first time put forward the hypothesis that transformation is one of the main and important reasons for changing the role of characters through changing their actions in the folk stories and due to the change in his character by increasing his power or reducing his power, it is considered an important element in his transformation in terms of playing a role and performing an action.
Literature Review
Structural narratologists considered the narrative to be a sequence of specific actions and considered the characters as mere actors, who shaped the narrative and pushed it forward. According to them, the character was not an independent, qualitative, and unique phenomenon, but a one-dimensional, typical element dependent on some limited action patterns, which were classified by activism and passivity. Algirdas Julien Greimas was the first person who categorized characters in connection with their activism and passivity. He considered three mutually and sometimes contradictory categories of widely used and main roles in the narrative and called them Actant. Including subject and object; helper and opponent; sender and receiver. This Actant proposed by Greimas, as a construct that was clearly defined in relation to action, was accepted by structuralists as a substitute for character, but not as a real person with human characteristics and morals, and based on that, the most important role that the character assumed in the eyes of the structuralists was related to the extent of his influence on the action. It was on this basis that Claude Bremond divided Actant proposed by Greimas into two categories of "agent" and "patient" according to Claude Lévi-Strauss' theory of binary opposition.
The present research investigates the change in the position of characters in Iranian folk tales based on Bermon's theory and examines the effect of the role of transformation in relation to this change of function and position in folk literary narratives.
Methodology
The present article is written in a descriptive and analytical method and with a special view to the methods of structuralists in determining the position of the character, it has exclusively paid attention to the theory of Claude Bremond in classifying the role of the character in the story, in order to put this theory in comparison with examples of Iranian folk stories in an analytical way. The method of collecting data in this article was library research from Persian and English sources.
In the present article, by choosing four stories from two collections of legends and ancient legends, compiled by Fazlollah Mohtadi, the authors try to reveal the effect of transformation in changing the position of the characters of folk stories in the narrative. The criterion for choosing the stories was that they are typical in order to generalize the method of examining them to other folk stories.
Results
In folk stories, the characters are typical and stable people, and in most cases, their characteristics remain stable and unchanged from the beginning to the end of the story. "Claude Bremond" is one of the narratologists who, based on the "Theory of Possibilities", divided the structuralists’ intended Actant into two general categories: "Agent" and "Patient" based on activism and passivity characteristics, and determined certain characteristics for them. One of the features proposed by him for the characters in folk stories is their potential changeability from the point of view of their actions; in the way that his intended character, by changing his performance and action in the story, can change his position from the position of "patient" to the position of "agent" or the position of "agent" to the role of "patient". But this change and transformation in the action and consequently in his position and role within a story sometimes happens due to completely unique factors. One of these reasons, according to this article, is the transformation of the fictional character in this type of story.
Transformation and changing the nature of the characters in stories directly affect their actions and performance, and the change of action changes the position of the characters in terms of performing their personal actions, that is, a character who lacked power and activism before transformation, with the change of his nature, he becomes an active and strong-willed character, and in the intended sense of Bermon, he becomes an "agent" character, and on the opposite point, a character who had the will and ability to act, by taking away the power that takes place through his transformation, becomes a character who lacks the will and ability to act; or in another sense, it becomes a "patient" character. The present research, by choosing four folk stories, named "Bolbol-e Sargashteh", "Mahpīshanī", "Namakī" and "Chelgīs", investigates the change of the character's position as a result of the change in the performance and activism of the characters in this story, and has proved its claim in the field of the influence of the role of portrayal in changing the position of the characters. This article has proved its claim in terms of the influence of the role of transformation in changing the position of the characters. The results of the research are shown in the following table:
Change from a patient to an agent
Change from an agent to a patient
1. Bolbol-e Sargashteh Story
1. Namakī Story
2. Mahpīshounī Story
2. Chelgīs Story
تبلیغات
