دلایل ناکامی میلسپو در اصلاح امور مالی ایران (1323- 1321ش) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آرتور میلسپو دوبار به عنوان مستشار مالی به ایران آمد تا با انجام اصلاحاتی در ساختار مالی و اداری، مشکلات کلان اقتصادی کشور را رفع کند. او در مأموریت نخست (1306- 1301ش) توانست موفقیتی نسبی کسب کند و تغییراتی در نظام مالی و مالیاتی انجام دهد؛ اما در مأموریت دوم (1323- 1321ش)، موفقیت چندانی نداشت و درنهایت، ایران را با ناکامی ترک کرد. درباره دلایل موفق نشدن میلسپو دیدگاه های متعددی از سوی موافقان و مخالفان او مطرح شده است. پژوهش حاضر درصدد است با تکیه بر منابع اسنادی و کتابخانه ای و با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی، دلایل ناکامی میلسپو در اصلاح امور مالی ایران را در مأموریت دوم او بررسی کند و به این سؤال پاسخ دهد که چرا میلسپو برخلاف مأموریت اول خود، در مأموریت دوم چندان موفق نبوده است؟ نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد در دیدگاه هر دو گروه موافقان و مخالفان، رگه هایی از حقیقت وجود دارد و عوامل مختلفی همچون تکبر و خودرأیی میلسپو، نداشتن شناخت و آگاهی کامل او از ساختار سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جامعه ایران، ترجیح منافع شخصی و آمریکا بر منافع ملت و دولت ایران، وجود فساد و بی نظمی در ساختار اداری و اقتصادی ایران، بی ثباتی و اختلاف در نظام سیاسی ایران، کارشکنی و مانع تراشی مخالفان، شرایط بحرانی ناشی از جنگ جهانی و تسلط شوروی بر استان های شمالی و ممانعت از انتقال محصولات به مناطق مرکزی، در ناکامی میلسپو تأثیر داشتند.The Reasons for Millspaugh's Failure in Reforming Iran's Financial Affairs (1943- 1945)
Arthur Millspaugh came to Iran twice as a financial counselor to solve the macroeconomic problems of the country by carrying out reforms in the financial and administrative structures. In his first mission (1301-1306 AH), he was able to achieve relative success and make changes in the financial and tax systems, but in the second mission (1321-1323 AH), according to the supporters and opponents, he was not very successful and finally, she left Iran with frustration and sadness. Many opinions have been raised about the reasons for Millspaugh's failure triggered by his supporters and opponents. The current research tried to investigate the reasons for Millspaugh's failure in reforming Iran's financial affairs in his second mission by relying on documentary and library sources and using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research showed that there were traces of truth in the views of both supporters and opponents and various factors, such as Millspaugh's dictatorial ethics, his complete lack of knowledge and understanding of the political, social, and cultural structures of the Iranian society, preference for personal and American interests over the interests of the Iranian nation and government, existence of corruption and disorder in the administrative and economic structures of Iran, instability and discord in the political system of Iran, disruption and obstruction caused by oppositions, critical conditions caused by the World War and the Soviet domination of the northern provinces, and prevention of the transfer of products from these regions to the central parts had an effect on Millspaugh’s failure. Introduction: The occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II and Reza Shah’s forced resignation created very chaotic conditions. Various political, religious, and tribal groups that were severely suppressed during Reza Shah's time found themselves in an atmosphere to express themselves and revive their lost power and caused hypocrisy and chaos in the society. Dealers and traders took advantage of the situation and caused high prices and inflation in the society by hoarding and smuggling the goods needed by the people. Many government employees, who were unable to support themselves due to the sharp increase in the cost of living, considered the current chaotic conditions and the lack of sufficient supervision as an opportunity to receive bribes and do all kinds of corruption. In such a situation, there was a need for a powerful government and a united and strong parliament that could take control of the situation and save the country from this chaotic condition. However, there was no trace of a strong, coherent, and stable government, nor of independent, knowledgeable, and resourceful representatives in the 13 th Parliament. Mohammad Reza Shah did not have the authority and influence of his father to take control of the situation. The Allies, who themselves had caused the current situation by occupying the country, were causing the situation to become more critical by buying and transferring part of Iran's grain to the Soviet Union and using Iran's means of communication and transportation. At one time, they considered the presence of a powerful and tyrannical government in Iran to protect their interests and at another time, they preferred to send an advisor to control the situation; at this time, they chose the second option and recommended it to Iran. The Iranian government, parliament, and king, who had the ability neither to oppose the demands of the allies, nor to solve the country's numerous political, economic, and social problems, took their advice as their goal and hoped to improve the situation by hiring Millspaugh as the head of Finance Sector. During his two-year stay in Iran (1321-1323), Millspaugh took measures to reform financial and administrative affairs, but according to his supporters and opponents, he could not improve the country's situation and the desired economic and financial reforms even by his own implicit admission. Regarding the reasons for Millespo's failure, many critical cases were raised by him and his fans on the one hand and his opponents and critics on the other hand. The current research tried to investigate and verify the reasons for Millspaugh’s failure caused by both parties by relying on the available documents and using an analytical approach. Material & Methods: The current research tried to investigate the reasons for Millspaugh's failure in reforming Iran's financial affairs in his second mission by relying on documentary and library sources and using a descriptive-analytical method. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: In the present study, the reasons for Millspaugh's failure in reforming Iran's financial affairs during the occupation of the country in World War II were investigated and the opinions of two groups of supporters and opponents of Millspaugh were presented and validated. Examination of the available documents showed that there were traces of truth in the views of both groups and various factors, such as the interference and disruption caused by oppositions, negligence of the government and parliament in approving Millspaugh’s proposed bills, existence of corrupt administrative and financial structures in Iran. Soviet disruption and obstruction in the transfer of grains from the north of Iran to the central regions and the lack of funds and sufficient facilities on the one hand and Millspaugh's lack of experience and competence for being in charge of an important job, such as the head of Finance Sector in the country, his lack of full knowledge and understanding of the political and administrative structures in Iran, adoption of inappropriate and sometimes conflicting policies and decisions, his arrogance and self-righteousness in many cases, and preference of personal and American interests over the interests of the nation and government of Iran on the other hand were found to have contributed to his failure.
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