Decentralization

Large cities and metropolitan areas in developing countries are growing rapidly. These areas grew by attracting all facilities, services and capital of the country. Tehran has been the major city and center for decision and policy making in various administrative, political, economic and socialaspects. This political focus has brought economic, social, educational focus that attracted a vast majority of students of Iran. Based on measures by TOPSIS technic, Tehran province has ranked 19th in terms of development Indicators; therefore, its status is not favorable. There are total of 91 universities or educational institute in Tehran province 75 of which are located in the city of Tehran. There are 527 thousand students currently studying in these institutions which itself indicates the focus on capital city, especially in the field of education. National programs should take decentralization policies from growth poles. Decentralization of higher education as an integrated development policy for Tehran province and the country can bring many fruitful results. Based on recent policy on decentralization, cities of FiroozKooh and Damavand are proposed for attracting students of Azad universities and Varامین is proposed for attracting Payam-e- Noor students of the province and Hashtgerd is proposed for accepting part of activities of governmental universities for undergraduate studies as appropriate locations for identical spatial distribution.

Polling system is not trusted everywhere around the world it is very important in this modern world to replace the traditional polling system with the new technology. Some countries like United States, Japan, and India suffer from corrupted polling system. Major issues are faced by current polling systems like system hacking, vote rigging, vote manipulation, distributed denial of service attack, and online polling booth capturing. This paper will lead to the problems faced by the traditional polling system and how the new technology will provide the solution to that problem. Also, our purpose is to check the feasibility of the system by recording the transaction fees and evaluate the right way to spend the amount of gas in the transaction. This will highlight blockchain frameworks including blockchain as a service and polling system which is on blockchain that addresses all constraint introducing ethereum which is a blockchain-based distributed computing platform. Ethereum is open source, and publicly available with a system featuring smart contracts. It provides the cryptocurrency wallets that let you make cheap, instant payments with gas in the form of ethers. The ethereum community is the most active and largest blockchain community in the world. There is no centralized organization that controls ethereum.

Blockchain technology was initially implemented for cryptocurrencies in 2009, but it caught the undivided attention of multiple industries such as finance, supply chain management, healthcare, and governments. This research was set out to investigate and evaluate six benefits of blockchain for marketing: fostering disintermediation, combating click fraud, reinforcing trust and transparency, enhancing privacy protection, empowering digital marketing security, and enabling creative loyalty programs. An empirical study in the form of an online survey was conducted to examine the realization of benefits in practice. The research concluded that blockchain does indeed provide promising benefits for marketing, but that depends on whether marketers use public (permissioned) blockchain or private (permissioned) blockchain, and also the ability of the blockchain community to resolve fundamental challenges and pending issues such as scalability, speed, interoperability, and privacy, besides several many others.

The questions of centralization and decentralization arise in every polity. The constitution or the practice or both have to settle how much of policy making is to be decided by the central government and by component bodies. By and large liberalism and decentralization tend to go together while authoritarianism tends to be associated with centralization. The constitutional model which is generally regarded as bringing about the largest amount or decentralization is federalism. This is said to sonstitute a half way house between confederacies (where component units dominate)and unitary states (where the center dominates) In its classical form at least , federalism stipulates that there have to be two independent levels of government (the centre and upper level component bodies (often named states) each of these levels has the right to decide on matters falling within its own sphere. There are difficulties in practice especially with respect to the constituent power and to the fields allocated to each level. Federalism must be based on a rigid constitution there has to be s supreme court protecting the independence of the two levels of government there has to be a second chamber defending the rights of the component bodies at the central level.yet there are variations in the extent to which the component bodies are protected and generally in the extent to which there is decentralization. On the one hand federal states are becoming more centralized on the other centralization cannot go beyond a given point without leading to gross inefficiency and perhaps to a break up of the regime as the communist experience showed. Partly for this reason there is a degree of convergence between federal and unitary states. Federalism is also associated with efforts to bring together independent states but this has occurred in a smell number of polities only. Attempts at achieving closer cooperation between states has led more commonly to confederacies, such as the Unites Nations. The European community or European :::union::: has innovated by forming a type of association labeled supranational which is intermediate between the confederal and the federal models. There is innovation in that developments take place gradually with new fields beings progressively covered new structures being set up and new member states joining. The problems of centralization and decentralization have exercised the minds of many in relation to many types of organization : both efficency and freedom appear to be at stake . federalism succeeded in a number of contexts but it is not the panacea which some suggest it is it is also so diverse that one has to refer to federalisms rather than to federalism . what is at stake is the need to find an equilibrium between the two extremes of over centralization and break up. Given the large number of situations in the contemporary world one should look for a variety of solutions and for a continuous evolution of the models which have hitherto been proposed.

Despite its role in achieving the frontiers of knowledge and interacting with the international community, English does not have its proper place in the Iranian General Education system, resulting in poor English education in school, hence, students’ poor command of English. This study explores the feasibility of outsourcing English teaching and entrusting this enterprise to the private sector. To this end, a questionnaire was developed from expert interviews to canvass 376 English teachers, students, and parents, as primary stakeholders, across the country. An exploration of respondents’ attitudes toward outsourcing English teaching indicated the agreement of the majority of the respondents with this idea of English education privatization. Moreover, political and ideological perspectives imply that a shift from school to institute is needed if we expect effective communication-based language teaching and learning. This may necessitate a radical reform in the language policy of the country and may even lead to the decentralization of English education due to regional and cultural needs. The study has implications regarding possible fundamental changes in language planning in the formal education system of the country.    

Background: Blockchain, mainly known for supporting cryptocurrencies, has a much broader role, as seen in this paper. These fundamental features of decentralization and immutability guarantee improved security and transparency in multiple spheres of human life. Objective: The article seeks to review current literature on new prospects of using blockchain as a secure way of sharing data with the purpose of establishing its advantages and disadvantages in this field. Methods: Relevant academic articles and papers published in the last 5 years were considered, and research cases of blockchain applications in numerous fields including healthcare, finance, supply chain, etc. This incorporates a review of blockchain within the capacity of data integrity, confidentiality, and availability. Results: The results show that blockchain can greatly improve the security and credibility of data in data sharing by reducing common vulnerability and offering reliable traceability. The technology ensures safe transactions of data and minimizes the possibilities of manipulation of data in fields which involve sensitive data processes. Conclusion: Opportunities for the blockchain for secure data sharing are demonstrated across several industries through current advancements. However, it also has limitations that includes size ability, compatibility and legislation issues which still has to be solved. The study should therefore consider the following recommendations about the barriers outlined above in order to enhance the application of blockchain in secure data sharing in the future.

Background: IoT Smart networks are the latest creation of smart technology where Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain technologies have merged. Such technologies have the possibility of increasing performance, security and the degree of expansion in different fields like smart city, health and manufacturing. As it is, there are several issues that organisations continued to encounter when implementing both these systems in order to address diversified network requirements. Objective: The study aims to define how IoT, AI, and Blockchain technologies can be integrated to develop smart networks and how their integration will address the issues of performance, data integrity, and resource utilization in smart networks. Methods: The solution consisted of three components: IoT for instant data gathering, AI for modeling and efficient traffic control, Blockchain for secure data storage. Analyses of various objectives such as data throughput, latency, energy consumption, and security were conducted for smart city applications through simulations. Results: The linked matrix obtained a 45% increase in data transfer rate, a 40% cut in response time and a 50% enhancement of power utilization compared to other systems. Purchases made using blockchain were correct to the last digit, achieved with a success rate of 99.9%, and there were no cases of hacking. AI algorithms minimized congestion levels of the network by 55%, and IoT devices remained available 98% of the time. Conclusion: The incorporation of the IoT, AI and Blockchain enhances the effectiveness and assures the stability of smart networks greatly. From these findings, there is a significant potential for broad utility thus the need for research on the scale, integration, and testing of these in practice.