Historiography

A researcher in the field of history pays attention to the science of the historiographies characteristics presented by different sects. The present study aimed to survey the most important features of Orientalist historiography in contemporary Iran. Based on the results, the components of colonial Orientalist historiography origins are as follows: the distortion and denial of Islam, the perversion and humiliation of independence movements such as the tobacco movement, the constitutional movement, de-identification of societies to dominate nations, and exploiting community historians to achieve their colonial goals. To this aim used descriptive and analytical method, based on the sources written by these historians.  

Leslie Marmon Silko, an American Indian writer, is one of the pioneers of literary renaissance in Native American literature. Her works are focused on cultural identity, the Native people’s struggle to preserve their past and culture by means of storytelling. This article focuses on Silko’s fictional world as both fiction and history. Moreover, it deals with the cultural trauma ingrained in the Indigenous people’s collective memories, which have shaped Silko’s imagined geography in her works. Regarding the theoretical axis of discussions concerning history, historiography and emplotment of history, this article uses theories of Hayden White to explore the place of historiography in narrative. Furthermore, it applies the critical arguments concerning cultural trauma proposed by Jeffrey C. Alexander. The research proves that Silko and her characters are haunted not by the desire for history, or the past itself; but rather, they are haunted by the desire for the act of historical recollection and the process of remembering and surviving. Finally, this article shows that Silko, as a historical figure with certain literary-historiographical ambitions, reconstructs her cultural heritage and cultural identity through storytelling and fictionalizes history to give voice to her silenced land, past and history, and dismantle the dominant Euro-American historiography.

favorable with the Western-oriented attitude and the History of Iran Cambridge is a prominent example. The authors of the 7th volume of the Cambridge History of Iran briefly were reviewed the political and economic transitions of Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, without scientific and analytical explanation, and they passed by it descriptively.The important point was disregard their of British colonial policy in the political and economic transitions and foreign relations of Iran during the Qajar period and the Pahlavi dynasty.

The emergence of the Safavids initiated considerable cultural and religious phenomena in Iran. The establishment of 12 Imam Shiism influenced all aspects of the Safavid society. One of the affected fields was historiography, which completely changed the previous Safavid approaches in historiography. This change was not evident in the writing style of the works but in the dominance of historians' religious interests leading to new features emerging in the historiography of this period. It seeks to introduce these features, which are often unique to the historiography of the Safavid era analytically, by counting the most important content features of the historical sources. This article is extracted from the main features of Safavid historiography through library data and descriptive-analytical methods.

According to historiographical evidence, Surah al-Baqarah was the first Surah that was revealed after the Hijrah in Madinah. The variety and extent of the topics in this Surah caused it to be revealed two times during the first and second years of the Hijrah. During its revelation, the society in which the Messenger of God (PBUH) appeared was not uniformed, rather it was formed by scattered tribes, groups, and masses. The lack of a central government and a single religion had caused them not to have a common identity. Therefore, an important part of their political-social life was spending in war with each other. With the efforts of the Messenger of God (PBUH), this scattered society turned into a united form with an Islamic identity. Surah al-Baqarah has advanced the process of building a religious community in Medina step by step, and in this way, there have been suitable platforms for the vulnerability of the prophetic community. Since these platforms could create favorable conditions for the weakening and collapse of the internal cohesion of the prophetic community and as a result of the violation of the collective covenant and the scattering of the believers from around the Prophet (PBUH), in Surah al-Baqarah, through designing an engineering model, God provided the path of integration and cohesion in the prophetic society