Pahlavi

From 224 to 651 AD, the Sasanian dynasty created one of the most powerful empires in the pre-Islamic Middle East. The dynasty ruled from the Euphrates to the Indus, holding a position of supremacy for more than four centuries and exerting a direct influence from Egypt to China via the Silk Road and maritime trade routes.  Seals and seals impressions are the most abundant class of cultural artifacts surviving from the Sassanian era. They are commonly found from West to Central Asia and even beyond, from Europe to Southeast Asia. The importance of their study is from two aspects, on one hand, they are as historical documents and on the other hand, they are valuable works of art and a way to understand the culture and civilization.  This study conducted in a descriptive-analytical method using written sources, tries to read four samples of the Sassanian’s seals of the National Museum of ancient Iran, which are part of the confiscated items collection. The purpose of this research is to read inscriptions and examine the roles of these seals.

favorable with the Western-oriented attitude and the History of Iran Cambridge is a prominent example. The authors of the 7th volume of the Cambridge History of Iran briefly were reviewed the political and economic transitions of Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, without scientific and analytical explanation, and they passed by it descriptively.The important point was disregard their of British colonial policy in the political and economic transitions and foreign relations of Iran during the Qajar period and the Pahlavi dynasty.

The architecture of the first Pahlavi period is considered a turning point in the evolution of Iranian architecture and urban planning, which dates back to the Qajar period and the familiarity of the Shah and his courtiers with European architecture. These changes reached a more tangible level in the first Pahlavi period, marking the beginning of modern Iranian architecture. The present study examines the architecture of schools from this period, focusing on a comparison between schools in East Azerbaijan and other modern schools in Iran, to provide a model for the design of today's schools. This study aims to analyze qualitative findings including: physical, spatial, and functional organization used in schools of the first Pahlavi period, such as appropriate access, spatial connections, hierarchy, arrangement of spaces, combination of full and empty space, open and semi-open spaces, introversion and extroversion, geometry and pattern, ., to arrive at solutions for the development of school architecture. The methodology of this research is historical-interpretive and case study (study of 6 schools from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in East Azerbaijan province). The research method employed is qualitative, involving interviews with experts. In this study, 10 people were interviewed. In accordance with the principles of grounded theory, data collection and analysis were conducted following the first interview. This study also conducted a comparative analysis of the architecture of East Azerbaijan schools between 1304 and 1320, examining six landmark works in this province. Using the comparative method and structural approach, the spatial organization of schools from the Pahlavi period was analyzed, categorized, and coded. The results showed that the highest salience in the functional component was associated with extroversion, with a value of 28, and the lowest was associated with introversion, with a value of 7. The results indicate a decrease in Iranian-Islamic identity in Pahlavi-period schools. These changes include the shift from traditional architecture to new styles, the transformation of interior to exterior space, the reduction of hierarchy and proportions, the decline of decorative elements, and the elimination of green spaces.