Habermas

One of the most important basic human issues is the education, which has always been considered by many thinkers. The issue of education has gone a long way from the past to the present; so that in the contemporary world, it has entered new realms with the emergence of new schools such as pragmatism and postmodernism. One of the most important of these arenas is the emergence of critical thinking in the field of education. Critical education is a theory in the field of education that emphasizes the development of critical thinking and knowledge of students, and the curriculum elements are designed in such a way that critical knowledge of political, cultural, economic and social developed in it. Thinkers such as Paulo Freire , Henry Giroux, Michael Apple, Jurgen-Habermas and Peter McLaren, who plotted and made their point of view. The present research sought to determine the main elements of the curriculum of critical education based on the views of theorists on this field. Identifying the philosophical and social foundations and determining the main elements of the curriculum, such as the role of school, teacher, student, and evaluation, finding teaching methods and curriculum content in critical education, emphasizing the notion of prominent scholars of this field were among the goals of this research. First, the critical theory of the Frankfurt School and then the foundations and elements of the curriculum in postmodernism and critical education were examined and then the views and ideas of the major theorists of this field were analyzed. The findings of this research made it clear that prominent scholars of this field followed humanists in their philosophical and psychological foundations and to achieve their educational goals, which were critical awareness, propose a problem and in this case, dialogue played an essential role.

Philosopl:y in its broad sense constitutes the origin and foundation of almost each and every discipline ive observe in today's world. Despite the focal influence philosophical unde1pinnings have on an ensemble of ideological and epistemological issues in our life, this branch of human knowledge is not welcomed the 1vqy it deserves f?y the administrators of a number of disciplines. One such field o.f stucfy is the area of language teaching in ivhich philosophical concerns are left near/y intact. The present article is aimed at recapitulating the mqjor impact a partial acquaintance nitb philosopl!J can have on our general conceptualizations particular/y as it concerns Language and pedagogy. In so doing, a brief introduction is made, at the outset, to the tuo principal divisions of philosopl:y, i.e. ana/ytical and continental philosopl?J. The concept of bermeneutical thought is then presented as an issue relevant to the school of continentalphilosopl?J, and the vieivpoints of several celebrated progenitors and pioneers of this sub-branch of philosopl:y, i.e. hermeneutics are dimmed. An attempt is made, aftenaards, to introduce some traces of hermeneutics in linguistics and some of its main sub-branches inclttding pragmatics, critical discourse analysis andp.rychological studies.  In the encl  a brief account is given  of some practical  advantages  of a .familiarity  with  these philosophical concepts in pedagogical terms

After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role