Contract

This paper aims to probe the nature of possible responses to the actions taken by certain foreign companies to unilaterally terminate their services to the Iranian public and private Internet service providers. The paper examines specifically the procedural aspects of the issue and concludes that due to the lack of the biased nature of relationship between sysops and Internet users and the absence of an effective international body, it is highly unlikely that any legal action could bring about desired results. The paper, in the end, suggests some other non legal strategies as topics for the future research.

This study examines the ability of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mechanisms under competitive conditions. In this study, a two-tier supply chain model with two manufacturers and two retailers is considered to develop a competitive structure when demands are uncertain. The supply chain demand is random and depends on the price of the products. Moreover, the products manufactured by market manufacturers are replaceable. Therefore, the main competitive factor is the order decisions, and due to the nature of the demand, deciding on pricing and ordering is necessary. Each retailer is faced with the issue of determining the prices of goods from two manufacturers, which consequently forms a competitive ground between retailers. Therefore, the two-tiered supply chain model is based on the contract price and is optimized, followed by coordinated analysis. The result of the study shows that to maintain the structure of the supply chain, the manufacturer can increase its wholesale price to the extent that the retailer has zero profit. The lowest price of wholesalers is equal to the cost of production, and the wholesale price can be increased to the point where the retailer's profit is zero.

Oil and Gas projects as are very complicated. A wide range of risks are included in oil and gas projects and contracts. Different aspects of risks can be addressed in a risk management process which assessment, efficient distribution and allocation of contractual risks are of a high importance. Many researches have studied the Project Risk Management in oil and gas industries with focus on legal and contractual risks aiming to reach to an optimal risk distribution which does not necessarily mean to have a complete contract. In this article with the goal of reviewing contractual risk allocation in Usance finance contracts, a thorough study has been done on related researches and then a complete review has been done on different contracts in Downstream petrochemical projects. Concentration on used risk management mechanisms in both cases and related risks shows severe issues and bugs in both contracts. Some contractual risks are not addressed at all and the case contracts are not balanced in the view of contractual risks distribution.

despite important role that has parties volition in the contract based on article 191, contract espousal will be achieve bused on advisable something that is under contract the important role that has silence in the contract may not be responsible but in practice has very legal effects for contract parties. Legal volition is formant from implication and adoption since silence is not, silence only can be symbolic adoption with possess qualification in the country low like American and England not taken in to account silence ancient proverb adhesion mark as a legal low, And only silence cannot obligatory implication.