Pricing

Strong brands bring numerous benefits for both the companies and their customers such as decreasing purchasing risk and searching cost and increasing the likelihood of repurchasing. It is not presented an applied model for determining the price of this asset in Iran, especially in terms of merger and acquisition. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for pricing brand value in Iran’s capital supply companies in terms of marketing strategies of merger and acquisition. The current study is qualitative research which is done by conducting grounded theory in MAXQDA software. Needed data were gathered from interviews and panel sessions with all the 21 pricing experts in capital supply companies during the year 2018, and were analyzed to extract the variables of the model of brand pricing to Rial. After that, open codes were categorized into 5 main categories and 2 sub-categories titled as: communication and performance environmental factors, marketing, brand, performance (financial and non-financial), and corporate audit reports. Research findings; in addition, has developed an operational brand pricing model for Iran’s semi-public economy that is unprecedented in other studies.

Derivatives are alternative financial instruments which extend traders opportunities to achieve some financial goals. They are risk management instruments that are related to a data in the future, and also they react to uncertain prices. Study on pricing futures can provide useful tools to understand the stochastic behavior of prices to manage the risk of price volatility. Thus, this study evaluates commodity futures contracts by considering Ross (1995) one-factor future pricing model as a function of spot price, Gibson and Schwartz (1990) two-factor futures pricing model as a function of spot price and convenience yield and finally Schwartz (1997) three-factor futures pricing model as a function of spot price, convenience yield and instantaneous interest rate by adding jump to stochastic behavior of commodity spot price. For this purpose, it is assumed that spot price follows Jump-diffusion stochastic process with exponential probability distribution of jump domain. Finally, commodity pricing future relations in three basic models are presented as a function of above factor(s) and jump parameters by using Duffy-Pan-Singleton approach.  JEL Classification: G12, G13

This study examines the ability of contracts as one of the supply chain coordination mechanisms under competitive conditions. In this study, a two-tier supply chain model with two manufacturers and two retailers is considered to develop a competitive structure when demands are uncertain. The supply chain demand is random and depends on the price of the products. Moreover, the products manufactured by market manufacturers are replaceable. Therefore, the main competitive factor is the order decisions, and due to the nature of the demand, deciding on pricing and ordering is necessary. Each retailer is faced with the issue of determining the prices of goods from two manufacturers, which consequently forms a competitive ground between retailers. Therefore, the two-tiered supply chain model is based on the contract price and is optimized, followed by coordinated analysis. The result of the study shows that to maintain the structure of the supply chain, the manufacturer can increase its wholesale price to the extent that the retailer has zero profit. The lowest price of wholesalers is equal to the cost of production, and the wholesale price can be increased to the point where the retailer's profit is zero.

Price is one of the most significant factors in competing in the retail market. This study aims to present the interpretive-structural modeling of elements affecting store price image, considering local and situational variables. Having analyzed KIOSERT analysis and been sure of accuracy in variables choice, the interpretive-structural modeling was used at the level of categories. The outcome of interpretive-structural modeling was a two-level model, in which the first one consisted of ‘services’, ‘enthralling factors’, ‘store factors’, and ‘social responsibility’, and in the second level, the variables consisted of ‘competitors’, ‘buyer factors’, ‘price and promotions’, and ‘sale policies’. In addition to the mentioned model, another finding of the study is depicting driving-dependency power, in which research variables are divided into four groups: autonomous, dependent, independent, and linkage. Accordingly, the ‘competitors’, ‘buyer factors,’ ‘price and promotions’, ‘sale policies’, ‘enthralling factors’, ‘store factors’, and ‘social responsibility’ belong to linkage variables and ‘service’ variable, by itself, belong to independent variables. 

Today, one of the most important concerns of organizations is to face changing environments in valuing their products. Therefore, manufacturers show different behaviors in the face of uncertainty about the future price of their products. Therefore, in the present study, the researcher, using the data theorizing method of the Foundation, seeks to provide a strategic pricing model for industrial products with the FABC approach. Based on theoretical sampling and snowball sampling method, after collecting data through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 16 university experts and steel industry experts, the text of the interviews was initially coded and extracted. Concepts of designing and explaining the strategic pricing model of products in industrial tools were analyzed by research data and categories. Findings show that considering the causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the pricing of industrial products with a fuzzy activity based costing approach, the adoption of proposed strategies in the resulting model leads to increased productivity and power Competitive manufacturing companies.

Given the importance of the issue of fairness perception in the case of a currency crisis, in this study, we aim to analyze the effect of the type of fairness and the impact of the price increase on the customer's perception of price fairness during the currency crisis in domestic and foreign brands., the conclusion, and analysis in the fourth section of the study, and finally, in the fifth section, the limitations and suggestions for future research have been described. Furthermore, this study doesn’t touch on the effect of losing the purchasing power of people -customers- as well as inflation. Also, luxury goods are not included as their prices are unrelated to the currency crisis. The present study aims to examine and analyze the factors affecting the customer's perception of fairness in the case of a currency crisis. For this purpose, five different scenarios encompassing five different types of domestic and foreign products were used. Each questionnaire was randomly distributed among 50 people. Nonparametric t-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The pairwise comparison indicates that in all scenarios, the perception of fairness in the foreign market basket is significantly higher than the perception of fairness in the domestic market basket. Also, in all scenarios, there is a significant difference between the perception of fairness in the Iranian market basket and the foreign market basket. This study can be beneficial to formulating and implementing firm pricing strategies.