مطالب

  Every society has oriented itself towards a governing method concerning the socio-cultural conditions and with the inclusion of different historical-ideological periods and has accepted it as its governmental plan. Iranian society is not an exception to this general rule. Throughout different historical stages, such as the government of Safavid, the Constitution Movement, and despotic government periods, religious democracy sovereignty has emerged as the dominant model. This method of governance is based on ideological-religious values and bases and is the place of fusion of religion and politics. As such, in both theory and practice, it has to fulfill democratic and religious values. The electoral system is the backbone of any democratic system, and concerning the three dimensions of ethics, decrees and religious beliefs aimed to cultivate the aspects of ethics and election as two detrimental poles in both sizes of the religious democratic system. To this aim, first, will elaborate on the nature and necessity of electoral ethic and review the essential components of electoral ethic in Imam's thought, through reference to his statements. These standards will be considered from the perspective of verses and traditions. Finally, we will conclude and will respond to the questions, which have posted in this article.

The theory of diffusion is one of the standard methods on the explanation of the quality of dissemination of innovations, expansion of ideas and thoughts in the area of culture. The present research is an attempt to respond to this question: Is it possible to disseminate the Islamic Revolution values and ideals through the window of Abrahamic Hajj into the world of Islam? If yes, how will be the rate and form of this dissemination? The researcher could achieve the following results in a precise and academic method. In this study, Hajj has been noticed as the route, channel and an instrument to disseminate the Islamic Revolution values, so the route of dissemination is the main topic of the study and other cases have been noticed due to their close relationships with the route of dissemination. Though this route is facing serious practical obstacles, there are potentials for the diffusion of Islamic Revolution values which are the very capacities of Hajj in different dimensions and levels, the most important of which include: epistemological capacities, potential information capacities, capacities to deepen the collective integrity of the Muslims, political, economic as well as cultural capacities. Of course in the route of dissemination, there are basic obstacles and challenges including epistemological, political, economic, cultural, and religious obstacles, as well as psychological war.

In the present study, the dignity of science and technology in modern civilizations is evaluated as the vital status of the ontological and of "Being" and "Not-Being" type, while emphasizing that the problem description in religious models of new civilization cannot be reduced to the acquisition of modern and strategic science and technologies; Accordingly, this article, while reviewing and critically interpreting Modern Science, in its philosophical and final evaluation of the perspective of science and technology in alternative civilization, emphasizes that the question is the question of "one distinctive awareness infrastructure for thinking," and "redefinition and quality of confrontation with science and technology." While has presented a different configuration of these relations and civilization-making structures that make a difference the way of facing the world and science. Regarding the experiments and the existing capacities after the Islamic Revolution, the transformation of a modern civilization formed how and around what very different and distinct theoretical organization or concept. As a conclusion, while trying to explain the religion of religious society, it emphasizes that science and technology are "Detrimental," "Direction-Finder," and "Renewable" phenomena. Therefore, the religion-based culture and order as the point of consensus and unity of all religions and spiritualists, start their identity limits vis-à-vis science and technology by distancing from the materialistic configurations and technical thought, without negating the science and technology.

Language teacher immunity has recently attracted the attention of the scholars interested in teacher psychology. Following the previous line of research in teacher psychology, the present study explored the immunity types among 260 Iranian EFL teachers working in schools and language institutes. Drawing on Hiver’s (2017) categorization, this study found that the participants were classified into productively and maladaptively immunized teachers through cluster analysis. It was also found that gender played a significant role, and female participants were more productively immunized than men. Regarding the role of teaching experience, it was found that EFL teachers’ immunity fluctuated in the late stages of their practice to a more fossilized, negative one. Regarding age differences, the results also suggested different immunity types among the participants of different age groups. The results implied that teacher education programs should enhance EFL teachers’ understanding of language teacher immunity as an important factor in their effectiveness and well-being as well as students’ achievement.