مطالب

Various factors affect the degree of mass crime of an environment, including social, economic, and physical factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the physical components of an environment on mass crime rate. In this regard, open spaces between residential complexes were selected as the case studies and based on five outdoor patterns including linear pattern, dispersed pattern and open central courtyard pattern and closed central courtyard pattern, as well as molecular pattern in five residential complexes, was selected in Shiraz city. The analytical tool in this research is syntactic theory, and analyses were carried out using Depthmap software. In this study, four indicators of "physical accessibility", "visual accessibility", "local access" and "universal access" as a research framework were formulated and case studies were analyzed based on them. Finally, an optimal final pattern with the lowest probability of mass crime is presented and the corresponding solutions are explained. The results of the study on the effect of outdoor design on providing space security with regard to the spatial access indicators showed that among the five proposed patterns, the central yard pattern and the closed central courtyard had the largest rate of space security. Other patterns including dispersed, linear and molecular patterns are in the next positions, respectively.

Background and Purpose: Increasing participation in sports activities has increased the incidence of sports injuries. Considering the short and long term complications of sports injuries, the need to prevent them is one of the most important goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ankle bracing on the ankle plantar flexor muscles activity in different foot position during drop landing with and without fatigue. Method: Fourteen female college athletes participated in this study. Five models of 5 and 10 degrees medial, lateral and normal wedged insoles were used to simulate the position of the feet on the ground at the wrong landing technique. The Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) and Peroneus Longus (PL) muscles activity 100 ms before and 100ms after landing in different foot position before and after muscles fatigue with and without ankle bracing was recorded with surface electromyography. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤0.05). Results: The results showed that the effect of time on the activity of MG and PL muscles in landing with brace was significant, so that the MG muscle before landing and PL muscle after landing had a higher activity in both times before and after fatigue (p≤0.001). The activity of this muscles was not significant when using the ankle brace during landing in different positions (p˃0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, lace-up brace can help to increase muscles activity when they were fatigue, while the using of brace does not affect muscle activity when landing perform in different positions without fatigue. According to the results, In the case of a suggestion to use brace for athletes, all aspects of using this equipment should be considered.