مطالب

The pipeline project, Nord Stream 2 (NS2), has been an issue of controversies. Russia and Germany consider the project an economic contract, but the United-States and Eastern European countries have concerns about its geopolitical effects. These disputes have created a divide in Europe and have posed a threat to trans-Atlantic relations. The current research suggests NS2 can influence the strategic balance between great powers in the international system, giving energy leverage to Russia against United-States, and consequently to China by strengthening projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Our findings put forward that not only NS2, in case of realization, is a source of American decline, but also the debates on the issue are a sign of American struggling for protecting its precarious international position. By placing Europe in front of the United-States, NS2 could be one component of European strategic autonomy (ESA); meanwhile, it may jeopardize ESA by depending on Europe on Russia. Europe’s solution to gain ESA is to use its leverages such as normative one to manage the situation for outcomes like protecting Europe’s unity and economic interests.

The purpose of this study is to find out how the two patterns of textual structure act in stylistics, and which one is a more suitable choice for this type of research. The textual structure is a pattern for analysis of the story structure, which is presented as a component of narrative stylistics in the book  Stylistics  (Simpson, 2004). This research is conducted on an anecdote from Manteq ot-Tayr and an anecdote from Masnavi with Bayazid Bastami as the main character. The research methodology includes reviewing 6 stages of Labov's model and reviewing 31 functions and 7 characters of Prop's model on different parts of both anecdotes. The results of the study show that although both mentioned patterns are introduced for reviewing the textual structure of a story, though Labov's pattern for the textual structure is more suitable for analysis of mystical poems, and through its review, various aspects of the context of narrative discourse in an anecdote can be understood, Prop's model is more suitable for analysis of folk tales, and matches more with the structure of those tales. In folk tales, as prop believes, the story starts with wickedness (A), shortcoming or a need (a), and through some actions of the intermediary, it leads to marriage (w) or some other actions that are considered as the ending to the story, which we are not encountered in mystical poems. Hence, the application of the above models, which demonstrates the structure of the story, could be useful in narrative stylistics and Labov’s model is more efficient for mystical poetic anecdotes.  

In this article, the story of Sin , by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, is analytically criticized in a two-sided comprehensive view. Literature is a link between art and thought, and an important part of the ideas visualized in literary texts are social. The story, and especially the short story, is an appropriate genre for expressing the writers' thoughts and thus it is a distinguished context for sociological-literary interdisciplinary research. Generally, the criticism of these works is one-dimensional and one-sided, and usually either literary is examined regardless of the social context, or the former is overlooked at the cost of the latter. Jalal Al-e Ahmad on the one hand, due to his excellent writing and literary skills, and on the other hand, because of the precision, sensitivity, and specificity to social issues, has a special place among the short story writers. In the Sin story of the Se Tar collection, describing the narrator-hero inner characteristics, he has depicted the social conflict and, consequently, the anti-normalization. Gender discrimination, misbeliefs, ignorance of the truth of religion, and, as a result, hypocrisy, and weakness of religiousness, routine life, and stagnation of society are other features depicted in this story.

Usually, in real-world engineering problems, there are different types of uncertainties about the studied variables, which can be due to the specific variables under investigation or interaction between them. Fuzzy cognitive maps, which addresses the cause-effect relation between variables, is one of the most common models for better understanding of the problems, especially when the quantitative data are not available or the nature of the problem is qualitative. One of the significant issues of automatic construction of fuzzy cognitive maps is that it does not consider the experts' uncertainties because of their cognitive attitudes such as age, experience, etc., which affects the quality and validity of modeling of the complex problems. Therefore, in this paper, a Z-Cognitive maps approach is proposed based on the distance-based automatic construction approach and Z-numbers to capture uncertainty and ambiguity of experts' opinions on the variables and causality relationships. The suggested approach can act as decision support for cognitive maps problems considering the experts' cognitive information, which is tested by a numerical example.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of human resource architecture in Iranian Customs. This research is in the category of exploratory mixed research. In the qualitative phase, the statistical population was academic experts in HR, managers and assistants in the field of Customs of Southern Iran. Purposeful sampling was continued until theoretical saturation. The sample size was 19 individuals. Semi-structured individual and in-person interviews were conducted. Based on the opinions following the implementation of the texts related to HR architectures, themes and coding, describing the basic elements, characteristics, system, achievements, advanced performance activities, and maintenance activities of HR were extracted. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population of this study consisted of all staff Customs of Southern Iran Who Were used based on theoretical foundations of structural equations minimum sample size of 210 stratified by random sampling based on Morgan Table. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire of HR architecture (2019) was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by experts according to a predefined format and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha 0.971. The following results were obtained to analyze the research findings using structural equations by LISREL software.All the relationships between HR architecture and Dimensions are very strong, because all standard coefficients are completely obtained by No. 1 Finally, it can be said that the strongest relationship between theDimensions and variables of HR architecture is the relationship between the achievement Dimension and HR architecture .

Статья посвящена особенностям процесса формирования правовой лексики в русском языке XIV – XVII вв. В ранних источниках древнерусского периода противоправные действия разного рода именуются лексемами обобщенного характера, такими как зло, грех, проказа, пакости, ослушание и т.п. Преступники, совершившие противоправные действия, представлены в источниках ослушниками и злодеями. В дальнейшем преступные действия дифференцируются, причем фиксируется лексическое отражение преступлений, различавшихся по признакам: совершенное против личности или собственности, умышленное – неумышленное, а также совершенное впервые или повторно и др. В статье рассматривается терминология преступлений против собственности. Преступные действия данного свойства обозначаются в правовых текстах лексемами разбой, татьба, грабеж и др. В качестве наименований их субъектов используются существительные разбойник, тать, грабежник и т.п. Важными критериями при наименовании лиц, совершивших кражу, являются место преступления и характер украденного: церковный тать, кромский тать, клетный тать, коневый тать и др. Лексика в статье анализируется с точки зрения происхождения, семантики, процесса терминологизации и сферы употребления.