مطالب

In order to increase the efficiency and productivity of employees and organizations industrial and organizational psychologists have identified and examined the important psychological structures affecting the effectiveness of organizations and to achieve this goal the variables of job enthusiasm, authentic leadership and scientific optimism have always been considered.The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediator role of the scientific optimism in relationship between authentic leadership andteachers' job engagement. The study is an applied descriptive correlational one in which he statistical population consisted of all English language teachers in the city of Sanandaj from among which 190 individuals were selected as samples based on Morgan Table and using a random stratified method. They responded to three questionnaires of authentic leadership, academic optimism, and job engagement. The results were analyzed using structural equation modeling method. Findings indicated that that authentic leadership has a direct effect on scientific optimism, scientific optimism has a direct effect on job enthusiasm, and authentic leadership has a direct effect on scientific optimism. furthermore, authenticleadership through scientific optimism has an indirect effect on job engagement and the hypothetical model of the research showed a good fit. Therefore, it can be said that authentic leadership and academic optimism are important variables that are closely related to job engagement in teachers.

The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation with structural equations approach and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study includes all students of football schools in Tehran province. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the sample. The measurement tools of the present study include demographic characteristics of the participants in the study, Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry (1988) Perceived Service Quality Assessment Questionnaire, Groth (2005) Customer Behavior Questionnaire and Perceived Risk Questionnaire Carroll, Connaught, Spengler & Byon (2014). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to show the normality of data distribution and bootstrap methods and structural equations using PLS and SPSS software were used to analyze the research data. The results showed that the quality of perceived services and citizenship behavior (β = 0.852); (T = 15.549) at the level of significance (P <0.01); Indirect effect of perceived service quality and citizenship behavior through perceived risk (β = -0.027); T-statistic (T = 1.774) is at the level of significance (P <0.076). Considering that perceived risk is one of the determining elements in the acceptance and intention of students to use football schools and their citizenship behavior is one of the factors reducing this risk, it is suggested. Football school principals to increase the quality of perceived services and student citizenship behavior among their staff, coaches and customers so that they can identify different dimensions of perceived risk among their school students for better productivity. And make the necessary plans to advance marketing goals. 

Achieving the goals of educational systems and responding correctly to the expectations of students, parents and teachers depend on the existence of efficient and effective educational administrators and their beliefs. Therefore, the attention of education researchers is focused on the understanding of management in educational settings. Since individuals' beliefs cause the creation of personality structures, so the study of managers' personality structures can be helpful in selecting, transferring and relocating educational managers on a scientific basis, recognizing the necessary components of management to establish training courses, predicting future actions of managers and reducing skepticism and uncertainty and identifying the stylistic complexity of managers. On the other hand, structures enable educational administrators to better fulfill their professional mission. Based on the importance of this issue, the main purpose of the study was to identify and compare the personal structures of management among school principals. In the present study, in order to achieve the personal construct of managers, an interpretive approach and a qualitative method of case study were used. Participants included all public school principals in Sanandaj who were employed in 2021 and had more than one year of managerial experience. Therefore, sampling was done in a target based using the criterion method. Also, the number of samples was appropriate for the Repertory Grid Technique which is usually used for the sample with small number, 43 novice and experienced Principal were chosen. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and a Repertory Grid Matrix. Finally, 575 personal construct were extracted during 43 interviews. Content analysis with the unit of subject was applied for the data analysis. The collected data of the personal construct of administrator were classified in 4 main categories and 13 sub-categories, which included issues as morality, relationship, personal features and intellectual-functional. The results of this study indicates that the highest percentage of personal constructs of novice and experienced managers is in the category of communication and the lowest percentage of personal structures for novice managers is in the category of intellectual-operational and also for experienced managers is in the category of ethics.