مطالب

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of interactional management style on academic adjustment, mathematical anxiety, and academic engagement in elementary sixth grade students. Methodology : This research was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of method and with pre-test-post-test design with experimental group and control group. The statistical population consisted of all male students of the elementary sixth grade of district 3 of Tabriz city with a total of 3721 students in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample size was 57 persons (29 experimental and 28 control) and selected by purposive sampling method. Clark academic adjustment questionnaire, Shokrani mathematical anxiety questionnaire, and Schofley and Becker academic engagement questionnaires were used for data collection. The interactional management style was also implemented based on the researcher-designed package. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods including univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. Findings : Results showed that after applying an interactive management style, the mean of academic adjustment in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. The mean of mathematical anxiety and its components (mathematical test anxiety and anxiety of mathematical nature) in the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group. The mean of academic engagement and its components (ability, commitment, and attraction) in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion : The study concluded that teacher-student interaction improved academic engagement and academic adaptation and reduced student math anxiety.

The sea pathways are extensively considers as a way to reach a safe zone for the forced people, who their lives are threatened for many reasons. A large number of the irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees are drowned daily in the sea, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea. The numbers of the deaths are worrying and alarming. It requires urgent and effective actions by States to prevent this disastrous human crisis. This paper through descriptive and analytical research method through a qualitative research examines the international legal framework for the protection of irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees’ rights and focuses on two essential rights of their rescue at sea and its related right of non-refoulement. The paper concludes that the security and military ironic measures of the coastal States, particularly those of certain European States, are considered as a serious risk for the rights of the people trafficked through the sea in order to be moved from the place of danger to a safe zone. Accordingly, States must play a more responsible role in assisting and protecting the desperate irregular, asylum seekers and refugees at sea in order to guarantee their fundamental rights.

The conflict between sovereignty over parts of the sea and the necessity of "innocent passage" concept has been the most contentious field in the law of the sea." Two hypotheses in this field have collided in the history of international law of the sea. The first hypothesis is that every human possesses the seas together. "Navigation" and other operations are also allowed for all. Under the excuse of owning the sea, no state has the right to restrict other people's use. However, the second theory says that the sea is owned by someone who controls part of it, and its use can be limited. In international law, the "innocent passage" by foreign vessels from the territorial sea of a country is widely recognized. However, in some territories, the requirements for the "innocent passage" of military vessels include the need for prior notice or the coastal state's permission. Most forces, led by the US, believe in absolute freedom of the military vessel's "innocent passage." However, most Asian countries, including Iran, assume that they can prior notification or approval for a foreign military vessel passage. This activity was often resisted in operational as well as diplomatic phases by naval forces such as the United States.