درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The transformational leadership is known as one of the most important and effective factors on organizational behaviors of the employee. Creation of the motivation and energy in the employees requires a leader with inspirational qualities. On the other hand, the organizational citizenship behavior is a factor in shaping. The current study was aimed at investigating the effects of transformational leadership on the employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, some personality traits are revealed in this study to be one of the main factors shaping the behaviors and to be moderating variables. The current study is of applied type in terms of the objective and a descriptive-correlational study in terms of data collection procedures. The data needed for the purpose of the study were collected by the use of questionnaire distributed among The 242 persons of statistical population, and these data have been analyzed by Structural Equations Modelling. The results indicated that all six hypotheses of the study were approved. In other words, the transformational leadership has positive and significant effects on both individual and organizational aspects of the organizational citizenship behavior. Also, the positive moderating role of neuroticism and extroversion in effects of transformational leadership on the individual and organizational aspects of organizational citizenship behavior was approved. The results show that the statistical community can utilize its human resources potential to create competitive advantage and develop the voluntary activities of its employees, provided that it is able to optimally implement transformational leadership style.

Environmental tax reform can be used in a fundamental transformation towards a green economy. Green tax may reduce the energy consumption and pollution emissions, as well as other economic benefits. This study mainly focused on the effects of green taxes on labor demand in Iranian industry sector during 1980 – 2015. Regarding the double dividend hypothesis, green taxes may improve the employment by substitution between labor and energy. Using CES production function, the elasticity of substitution between labor and energy is estimated 0.48 percent for industry sector. Then, the effect of green taxes on labor demand is investigated subject to government’s fixed budget constraint and labor demand function. The results show that green tax will have positive effects on employment in the industry. During the transfer of the labor tax system to the green tax system, the environment and employment may improve, without additional cost to the government and producer.

Natural gas infrastructure is growing and global LNG volumes are set to expand substantially. This results in more trade between different regions of the world and emergence of a more competitive and relatively more integrated global gas market. In addition, several key markets are currently undergoing structural reform with the aim of opening them to competition. In line with these changes in the global market, gas pricing methods also need to be adapted. This paper discusses the challenges of natural gas pricing and price review in this new market environment. Firstly, the current structure of the global and regional gas markets is analyzed. Secondly, challenges in natural gas pricing and price review are discussed, and in this context oil-indexation and hub-indexation are analyzed in detail. Thirdly, the recommended framework for pricing and price review in the more competitive global market are presented. The pricing mechanism and price review framework should be tailored to the characteristics of the gas market and the stages of growth and maturity of the market.

One of the requirements for the formation of stability in regions and sub-regions is the creation of regional security complexes. The necessity of creation these regional security complexes is the existence of security orders which are outcomes of regional actors’ agreements to control internal crisis and challenges and to manage the level of external interventions in regional affairs. Due to its geopolitical, geo-strategic and geo-economic importance, especially in the oil field, the West Asian region has a great impact on the international security of the oil market, and the formation of an endogenous regional security complex can provide the necessary basis for oil security. The strengthening and expansion of the Axis of Resistance strategy under Islamic Republic of Iran leadership in formation a regional security complex could ensure oil security, as much as possible. This article studies the central impact of the Axis of Resistance strategies, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran in ensuring oil security through the formation of regional security complex. Countering unilateralism in oil market management, countering US-managed chaos to gain new customers in the oil market, and countering oil conversion as a financial source for international terrorism are some of the strategies of the Axis of Resistance and the Islamic Republic of Iran in this regard.  

<span class="H5CharChar"><span>This research identifies decision-making styles and components of succession planning and examines their relationship.The statistical population (190 people) in the present survey research consists of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) Organization managers who were assessed using the Census Method. Scott and Bruce’s general decision-making questionnaire and Kim’s succession planning questionnaire were used with a response rate of 90%. Data was analyzed with the SPSS and Smart Planning softwares. In analyzing the obtained results, the dominant decision-making style is rational, followed respectively by the intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous decision-making styles. By investigating succession planning capabilities, the results of the research showed that among items in the succession planning system, candidate evaluation ranked first, followed by policy setting, system evaluation, and candidate development respectively as the priorities of the statistical population. The research hypothesis based on a significant relationship between the decision-making styles and organizational succession planning capabilities was confirmed. In order to improve its human resources and bridge the gap with global standards, it is therefore proposed that the senior management of the organization take serious steps to implement the succession planning program. It is also recommended that other esteemed researchers carry out the present research again after the implementation of the succession planning program in the studied organization and compare the results before and after the implementation of the program.</span></span>

One of the most critical bottlenecks in the country’s oil industry is the lack of sufficient liquidity and a suitable and codified method for financing projects in the downstream sector of Iran’s oil and gas industry. These projects include the construction of oil and gas refineries and petrochemical plants. Oil and gas projects require a very high volume of investment, and the limited financial resources and insufficient attractiveness of the currently defined instruments do not meet the new investment needs of downstream projects to achieve the 1404 vision. Therefore, in this article, due to the novelty of the issue, numerous interviews were conducted with staff and operational managers and other relevant officials in the field of financing the downstream part of the oil and gas industry. Then, with the help of Maxqda software, all independent ideas in the form of concepts and sub-themes were identified. With the help of the Delphi method based on the process of Islamic financial engineering based on responding to existing needs by identifying the needs of the parties to the transaction, asset base, and related cash flow analysis, appropriate structured instrument in this sector were designed in six instruments. From experts and related tests, as well as analysis and comparison of their various risks by AHP using Expert Choice software, finally based on the tests performed on the results obtained from questionnaires and interviews of experts, structured financing instrument in the form of convertible securities parallel Istisna Sukuk–Lease (Ijarah) and Sukuk–stock was approved.

Currently, the global community is on the threshold of a transition from fossil fuels as a result of transformations such as climate change, entailing the strict implementation of carbon setoff policies and quick progress in green technologies. A transition to clean, low-carbon energies will not only disrupt the global energy system, it will also impact the global economy and political dynamism within and without all states. Based on these transformations, the present article asks the question of how the energy transition will impact the geopolitical future of the global oil economy. The authors hypothesize the following in answer to this question: Given the superior, more advanced position of economic powers such as China and the US in clean energy technologies, we are likely to witness the weakening of traditional oil powers in a post-carbon world, such as the Middle East and North African countries (MENA) and Russia; in contrast, the balance of power will tilt heavily towards current energy consumers. Technology-savvy countries have the knowledge to reproduce and stabilize their power in the global economy. The traditional countries of the energy sector, however, face shortfalls in their infrastructure and modern technologies and will lose their geopolitical position to a large extent.

Internationalization of businesses is considered as a key factor in economic development and growth of the economic entities. On the other hand, the ability of the system for endurance and reliability is inevitably dependent on the success that the system gains in communicating with the external environment; in other words, the sustainability of the system is entirely dependent on system capability for adaptation, change and responsiveness to the environment. Furthermore, Technology-based businesses are highly dynamic and use different internationalization patterns. A literature review shows that comprehensive studies have not been conducted despite the necessity of today's businesses to move toward sustainable internationalization. Therefore, this research examines existing patterns by presenting a model for sustainable internationalization in technology-based businesses. In the present study, 6 technology-based businesses in oil and gas industry have been investigated using a multi-case interview method. The validity and reliability of data collection tools have been confirmed. The results of the interviews performed during the two coding stages revealed that economic, environmental, social and technological factors are among the factors influencing the adoption of sustainable business internationalization strategies along with a focus on a sustainable business model. This study also presents different types of sustainable internationalization strategies and classifies the internationalization’s sustainability index into two categories of profitability and sustainability of relationships in the network.

The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using CVR index, as well as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis while its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using Delphi technique, one-sample t-test, and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Lisrel statistical software. Based on the obtained results, four dimensions, 17 components, and 63 indicators were identified for the inter-organizational cooperation management model in oil companies in the Pars Energy Special Economic Zone. Environmental, cultural, organizational, and leadership style dimensions are known as the dimensions of inter-organizational cooperation management in oil companies in the Pars Energy Special Economic Zone. Such factors had the most significance among the identified dimensions of environmental dimension with load factor of 0.99, cultural dimension with load factor of 0.82, organizational dimension with load factor of 0.79 and leadership style dimension load factor of 0.89, respectively, than other dimensions to the concept of inter-organizational cooperation management model in oil companies in the Pars Energy Special Economic Zone. The results indicated that the designing the inter-organizational cooperation management model is divided into four dimensions of environmental, leadership, cultural and organizational dimensions. Environmental dimension includes political, business process, economic, developmental, legal, and technology. Cultural dimension includes the components of conflict management, information sharing, participation, and commitment. Organizational dimension includes the components of philosophy, processes, coordination, and strategy. Leadership style dimension encompasses the components of collaborative leadership, multidisciplinary decision making, and adaptation to management style.

Recent theories of firm dynamics emphasize on the role of financial variables as determinants of firm growth. Most of the technical literature shows that there is a positive relationship between financial leverage and firm growth. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether such relationship exists among oil and gas companies within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Data were collected from the selected members of the OPEC. The collected data was then analyzed using the Arellano and Bond (1991) GMM method and Sargan test. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between financial leverage and firm growth which is in line with the technical literature. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by examining a specific and important sector within several different countries. It shows the current theory is not affected by industry or country.