رضوان متولیان نایینی

This paper investigates different kinds of control predicates in Persian subjunctive complements. First, it is shown that the obligatory control (OC) constructions syntactically consist of two subtypes exhaustive control (EC) and non-exhaustive control (NEC). Then building upon Jackendoff and Culicover (2003) and Culicover and Jackendoff’s (2005) semantic analysis of control which is devoted to the treatment of infinitival and gerundive complements, we show that in a very large class of cases of OC in Persian , the controlled subjunctive complement also denotes an action. Providing a descriptive typology of each verb class, this analysis justifies the syntactic classification of control predicates proposed in this paper. Classes of exceptions are treated as coercion in the sense of Sag and Pollard (1991), Pollard and Sag (1994), followed by Jackendoff and Culicover (2003) and Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), in which internal conventionalized semantic materials, not present in syntax, are added. The article shows that both semantic and syntactic properties of control predicates determine the type of control relation in Persian subjunctive complement clauses.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 up to at least the beginning of 2022, e-learning has largely replaced the face-to-face teaching method in Iran. Accepting web-based learning could be effective in the continuity of this method, at least in a hybrid one, even in normal circumstances. As such, the role of teachers’ perspectives in this regard should not be neglected. Due to the importance of this kind of technology in teaching a second language and the effect of teacher acceptance on the decision to use it, in this study, we examine 63 Persian as a Second language (PSL) teachers' acceptance of Web-based e-learning technology to explore the various factors that impact their intentions to use it. This study uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical foundation. The survey data obtained from 63 PSL teachers through previously tested and validated questionnaires are analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. The results suggest that the perceived usefulness (PU) directly impacts behavioral intention (BI). Then, there is the motivation to use (MU) construct and the perceived ease of use (PEU), which could indirectly affect BI. The Internet self-efficacy (ISE) construct directly affects BI. Finally, the factor of computer anxiety has a negative effect on behavioral intentions to use web-based E-learning technologies through the factor of perceived ease of use. The research results show that perceived usefulness is the most influential factor in PSL teachers’ intention to use technology. It implies that PSL teachers would be more likely to continue to use Web-based E-learning technologies if they consider them useful.

This study adopted Talmy's (1985, 2000) typological framework of motion events to systematically analyze manner-of-motion verbs in three representative Gothic texts: Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) and "The Black Cat" (1843) and Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery" (1948).  The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods, including corpus analysis, to identify key narrative functions of motion verbs (e.g., indicating physical or mental resistance, violence, and deception). It then showed how these verbs built tension, horror, and dread. Findings revealed that fundamental movement verbs dominated (45.6%), establishing an atmosphere of false normalcy, while sudden eruptions of violent motion and physical resistance created a pressure-release dynamic central to Gothic aesthetics. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated significant stylistic divergences in the authors' employment of motion verbs, reflecting the dual nature of Gothic aesthetics: Jackson’s use of ritualistic motion highlighted communal horror contrasting with Poe’s focus on psychological disintegration. The paper concluded that Gothic fiction transformed mundane actions into kinetic terror, with motion verbs functioning as both narrative catalysts and psychological markers. These insights advance the understanding of how linguistic structures shape genre-specific emotional effects, offering a quantitative and narrative-functional framework for analyzing Gothic literature.