ساخت ژئوپلیتیکی و روندپژوهی تاریخی روابط ایران و روسیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بررسی روابط دو کشور ایران و روسیه نشان دهنده روابط تاریخی پرفرازونشیب بوده که همه الگوهای رفتاری را به خود دیده است. به رغم اهمیت ژئوپلیتیک طی دوره های تاریخی روابط دو کشور کمتر از منظر رویکرد ژئوپلیتیک بررسی شده است. این مقاله با بهره گیری از الگوی رفتار ژئوپلیتیکی روسیه در مناطق پیرامونی با تأکید بر رویکرد نواوراسیاگرایی الکساندر دوگین و با روش کیفی مبتنی بر مرور سیستماتیک(نظام مند) به دنبال پاسخگویی به این سؤال است که ساخت ژئوپلیتیکی و تاریخی روابط ایران و روسیه چگونه است؟ در این میان چند واقعیت مهم ژئوپلیتیکی در روابط دو کشور نظیر وزن ژئوپلیتیکی ایران، هر دو کشور از مناطق ژئوپلیتیک تحت فشار هستند، قطب بودن ایران در ژئوپلیتیک تشیع جهان اسلام، تاریخ طولانی روابط دو کشور و اثرگذار بودن نخبگان، افراد، ایدئولوژی و هویت در میدان ژئوپلیتیکی دو کشور همواره اثربخش بوده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که مهم ترین ابعاد ساختار ژئوپلیتیکی روابط ایران و روسیه همواره در یک سه گانه ژئوپلیتیکی قرار داشته و همواره یک نیروی سوم در ساختار ژئوپلیتیکی و تاریخ طولانی روابط دو کشور قابل مشاهده است. بدین صورت که نوع تعامل و همکاری و تقابل ایران و روسیه همواره تابعی از تعامل یا تقابل با غرب به ویژه با آمریکا بوده است. روابط دو کشور باوجود فرصت های همکاری قابل توجه، نه در سطح راهبردی، بلکه در سطح همکاری آن هم با چالش های جدی مواجه بوده است. اما جنگ روسیه با اوکراین در سال 2022 و مخالفت اتحادیه اروپا و آمریکا از روسیه از اشغال اوکراین نزدیکی بیشتر روابط دو کشور را باعث شده است.Geopolitical construction and historical research of Iran-Russia Relations
Reviewing the relations between the two countries, Iran and Russia, shows the ups and downs of historical relations, where all patterns of behavior from war and occupation of land, alliance with other powers against each other, and cooperation and partnership relations can be seen. However, despite the importance of geopolitics, the relations between the two countries have not been appropriately investigated from a geopolitical point of view. This study, using the model of Russia's geopolitical behavior in the peripheral regions, emphasizing the approach of Alexander Dugin's neo-Eurasians, and With a qualitative method and based on Systematic Literature Review, it seeks to answer the question, what is the geopolitical and historical structure of the relations between Iran and Russia? Among many factors are some important geopolitical facts in the relations between the two countries such as the geopolitical weight of Iran, the fact that both countries are under pressure from geopolitical regions, Iran's pole position in the Shiite geopolitics of the Islamic world, the long history of relations between the two countries, and the influence of elites, individuals, ideology and identity which have always been influential in the geopolitical field of the two countries. The results of the research show that the most important dimensions of the geopolitical structure of the relations between Iran and Russia is Russia's foreign policy which has always been in a geopolitical triangle and a third force in the geopolitical structure and the long history of the relations between the two countries has always been noticed. That is, the type of interaction and cooperation between Iran and Russia has always been a function of interaction or confrontation with the West; meanwhile, Russia has adjusted its foreign relations in this geopolitical triangle with the aim of balancing power. The relations between the two countries, despite the significant opportunities for cooperation, have faced serious challenges, not at the "strategic" level, but at the cooperation level, which indicates the tactical relations between the two countries rather than the strategic relations that have been observed in Syria. Also, despite the levels of tactical cooperation between the two countries, the potentials and fields of geopolitical competition can be seen in dimensions such as energy trade (especially oil and gas), transfer of energy resources, Caucasus, Central Asia and the discussion of the Caspian legal regime. At the end, geopolitical solutions for Iran have been presented.
Introduction: Iran and Russia, as two countries in the Middle East and Eurasia, have always experienced ups and downs in relations over time. These relations have been influenced by various factors, especially geopolitical considerations, from the time of the great game between Great Britain and Russia in the 19th century to the present time and Russia's attempt to control the surrounding areas. It should be said that both countries have experienced a wide range of forms of governance, such as tsarist tyranny and Stalinist totalitarianism in Russia to Eastern tyranny and Islamic theocracy in Iran. Therefore, so a series of macro issues have emerged a result of the differences and similarities between Iran and Russia during the historical period. In the meantime, due to the existence of mutual opportunities and threats, Russia and Iran look at each other from two different perspectives and angles, which is based on the definition of the two countries' foreign and domestic policies. Regarding these considerations, this study seeks to analyze the geopolitical structure of relations between Russia and Iran during recent periods. In other words, this study aims at examining the relations with the fluctuations of Iran and Russia in different periods, especially in the contemporary era.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative method. The data were collected through reviewing library and documentary texts such as domestic and foreign authentic texts as well as world-renowned websites. Data were collected through employing qualitative methods and using logic, thinking and geopolitical reasoning
Results and discussion: The question whether geopolitics has had a positive or negative effect on Russia's foreign policy is answered depending on different eras and policies and external variables. There is a fact that both Russia and Iran have a high-pressure geopolitical environment:
- Russia: has faced historical geopolitical challenges in relation to security, identity and the West.
- Iran: It is surrounded by five important geopolitical areas of the world: Caucasus, Central Asia, the Middle East, the subcontinent and the Persian Gulf, and in fact it is considered the geopolitical core of a high-pressure area.
On the other hand, Iran, with its geographical location and geopolitical components, is also under the influence of Russia's geopolitical pressures in the region, and while it has many geopolitical opportunities, it faces many restrictions and geopolitical pressures in the area of Russia's interests.
According to the mentioned facts, in order to reduce the geopolitical pressure on Iran, we can point out some solutions:
Accurate understanding of Iran's geopolitical position and advantages for long-term policies and exploitation in regional interactions;
Realistic assessment of geopolitical constraints and pressures in the surrounding environment, especially from Russia as a powerful neighbor with areas of common interests;
The use of external geopolitical variables has an impact on Russia, so that by acting and acting in the balanced field of power between Russia and the West, both the negative burden of geopolitical pressures from both Russia and the West on Iran will be reduced and the pursuit of the country's interests will be better;
Considering the role of the West, especially the United States, in Russia's foreign policy equations, Iran's interaction with the United States around common interests and the establishment of normal relations between the two countries can change Russia's approach to dealing with Iran as an instrument;
Conclusion:
In general, we can refer to some geopolitical realities in Russia's cross-sectional and case-by-case relations with Iran; Relationships without strategic features pointed out:
The geopolitical position of Iran and Russia imposes the requirements of cooperation and relationship on both countries.
In the case of Russia and Iran, the relationship between the two countries cannot be studied alone. Relations between the two countries have always been defined and regulated within the framework of geopolitical considerations.
Russia's relationship with Iran is always defined in the framework of Russia's relationship with the West. Therefore, it is impossible to imagine a strategic, stable and predictable relationship for the two countries.
The joint position of Iran and Russia towards the United States is one of the areas of close cooperation between Russia and Iran, both bilaterally and at the regional level.
The possible rapprochement between Iran and the US will mean the loss of an important game piece and a profitable ally for Russia in the region, as well as a major strategic failure for the US and a clear threat to Russia's interests. On the other hand, under the conditions of continued tension between Russia and America, the relations between Iran and Russia have a bright future.
In general, the fact is that despite the political differences, the type of interaction and cooperation between Russia and Iran is a function of the type of interaction or confrontation between them and the West; So that the increase or decrease of tension and hostility with the West affects the type of relationship and closeness between the two countries.
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