تعاملات و کنش های اجتماعی گروه های جوانمردی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آیین دیرپای جوانمردی در ایران در ابتدا به عنوان جنبشی اجتماعی برای احقاق حق مظلومان شکل گرفت. به تدریج با افزوده شدن مبانی نظری، تعالیم و آداب و اصول اخلاقی به آن، جریان ها و گروه های مختلفی از این آیین منشعب شدند. این گروه ها در دوره های مختلف نقش مهم و بسزایی در جامعه ایفا کردند. به ویژه در دوره پس از اسلام که با تأثیرپذیری جوانمردان در ابعاد مختلف از عارفان، کنش اجتماعی آنان نیز دست خوش تغییرات مهمی شد. باوجود حضور جوانمردی به عنوان یک جریان اجتماعی مؤثر در تاریخ ایران؛ اما تاکنون مبانی نظری، تعاملات با دیگر گروه ها و جریان های اجتماعی و همچنین کنش های اجتماعی آنان به شکلی منسجم تبیین نشده است؛ از این رو پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از رویکرد تاریخی و روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بهره گیری از منابع کتابخانه ای تعاملات وکنش های اجتماعی جوانمردان را تحلیل و تبیین کرده است. یافته ها نشان می دهد، هرچند ریشه های جوانمردی را باید در ایران پیش از اسلام جستجو کرد؛ اما می توان عرفان را مهم ترین آبشخور فکری جوانمردان پس از ورود اسلام به ایران و کشورهای دیگر دانست، چنانکه ایشان با عارفان، اهل حکومت و پیشه وران بیش از همه گروه های اجتماعی تعامل مستمر و پویا داشته اند. از مهم ترین کنش های گروه های جوانمردی می توان به موضوعات مبارزه با ظلم حاکمان وقت و ثروتمندان، خدمت به خلق از جمله محافظت از شهرهای مرکزی و شهرهایی که بیشتر مورد حمله بیگانگان قرار می گرفت، انفاق، ایثار و برقراری امنیت در راه های اصلی و کاروان های مسافرتی و تجاری اشاره کرد.Social Interactions and Actions of Jawanmardi Groups
Jawanmardi is an established sect in Iran that was initially formed as a social action to realize the rights of the oppressed, and over time thrived in terms of theoretical fundamentals, teachings, and practices, while also divided up into various movements and associations. Such groups played a substantial role in the community during diverse epochs. Precisely in the wake of Islam, the social actions of Jawanmardan were significantly reformed in a way that some Islamic scholars consider Islamic mysticism as the major source of impact for Javanmardi groups, specifically futuwwat. Although Jawanmardi has been a serious social movement in the history of Iran, its significant dimensions, i.e. social interactions and actions, are yet to be investigated. In fact, their theoretical fundamentals, interactions with other groups, and social movements and social actions have not been fully explicated. Taking a historical method a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study analyzes social interactions and actions of Jawanmardan (adherents of Jawanmardi associations). The findings suggest that Jawanmardan were influenced by Islamic mysticism as their major intellectual source while more research reveals the implications of pre-Islam. Additionally, they preserved diligent and restless interactions with mystics, governors, and craftsmen. Jawanmardi associations mainly strived to combat oppression, serve humans regarding guardianship of cities, prodigality, altruism, maintaining safety, as well as patrolling ways and pilgrimage and commercial caravans (travelers journeying together).
Introduction
Jawanmardi was a social movement in ancient Persia that flourished by adhering to Islamic doctrines and mysticism. Respecting time requirements, this movement was divided into various groups and branches referring to particular features throughout history. Moreover, some basic principles of Jawanmardi such as establishing justice, defending the oppressed, protecting the homeland, and preserving rituals have been considered a common point among all groups inspired by Jawanmardi. All groups of Jawanmardi attempted to establish justice and protect the country against the invasion of foreigners and enemies. Although these groups like other social groups underwent changes and deviations, they played significant political and social roles in every period. After the advent of Islam, they made changes in their deviant behaviors and actions by virtue of Islamic tradition and mysticism. Hence, their rituals, practices, and theoretical foundations acquired an Islamic and spiritual flavor. For the sake of the strong connection and reciprocal influence between mysticism and Jawanmardi, this social movement (Jawanmardan) has been recognized as one of the mysticism branches in some historical periods. Due to the widespread presence of them in different Islamic countries and undertaking political and social responsibilities in different periods, authorities considered them with particular attention. Despite their prominent social role, the details of their interactions and social actions are still vague and unclear. Determining the details of the social action of Jawanmardan is an essential and significant matter in two respects: It can reveal the most important aspect of this social group, and also clarifies different aspects of Jawanmardan interaction with different groups of people such as mystics and rulers.
Accordingly, In addition to providing a concise introduction to various groups of Jawanmardi, this research is intended to analyze and explain the political and social roles of Jawanmardi and also their interactions with other classes and groups of the society.
For this purpose, historical and analytical-descriptive methods are applied. The most important sources are historical texts, mystical texts, sources related to futuwwat, and popular literary works such as Samak-e-Ayyar, Darab-nameh, and One Thousand and One Nights.
Review of the Literature
From Ancient Persia until the contemporary period, Jawanmardi has been considered an old tradition. Due to the social and political roles of different groups of Jawanmardi, the lives of societies were changing and transforming. Consequently, from previous decades until now, many researchers have examined the different aspects of Jawanmardi. In this respect, Karamipour (2013), in his article entitled ‘Investigation of the social aspects of futuwwat ritual in Khorasan from the 3rd to the 6th century AH’ examines the social aspects of Jawanmardan and their relationship with different groups such as craftsmen. Explaining the social aspect of Jawanmardan as a social group is a matter of importance. In this sense, it can be said that the mentioned study is important. On the other hand, this research is restricted just to a certain period and aspects, especially the economic aspect. Moreover, in another research, Ghanadzadeh (2004) in an article entitled "Study of Ayari Ritual in the History of Iran" investigates the source and origin of Jawanmardi and especially ayyari. In addition to expressing various topics on ayyari, the author mentions a few points about their social roles and actions. Furthermore, some references to the verses of the Shahnameh and some books on the topic of ayyari could be regarded as a positive point of this study. Respecting the importance of Jawanmardan and their social and political roles in the future of Islamic countries, this research can be regarded as a turning point in the field of historical studies of Jawanmardi and mysticism. Moreover, this study clarifies the historical aspects of countries from different points of view.
Methodology
In addition to representing different groups of Jawanmardi, this study is intended to analyze and explain their political and social roles by taking a historical method and a descriptive-analytical approach. For this purpose, data were collected from mystical, historical, and popular literary texts such as One Thousand and One Nights, Darab-nameh, Samak-e-Ayyar, and also some books related to futuwwat.
Results
Throughout history, Jawanmardan has been considered the prestigious social group in the society who have always attracted the respect and attention of people, especially the youth. They have been divided into different groups with common aims such as establishing justice and helping the oppressed. Regarding rulers’ sovereignty and setting up an ideal society, different groups of them performed different social and political roles. Sometimes, a group of them worked in government to advance their particular goals. In this sense, they did some affairs such as protecting cities, maintaining the security of the cities, and defending the country. They worked in the position of Commander-in-Chief or Castellan, whereas another group was always a staunch opponent of the governments and refused to cooperate with the statesmen. Often, they used to advance towards their goals by fighting the rulers, planning an uprising against them, and cooperating with the opponents of the government to establish justice and overthrow the oppressive rulers. Therefore, this matter leads to the spread and influence of Jawanmardan groups among the people. Indeed, their activities continue in the present era in the form of some groups called Looti and Babashamel. Although some moral and behavioral deviations are observed in these groups, their main goal and concern is still to fight oppression and defend the oppressed.
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