Risk Aversion

The purpose of this research was to explain the relationship between the personality of brands with risk aversion and customer loyalty. This research was applied in terms of purpose, descriptive correlation one in terms of information gathering and based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all customers with credible brands (5 famous and high-income brands such as Adidas, Nike, Puma, Al-Sport, and Asx) in East Azarbaijan province. With regard to the unlimited statistical population, 384 people were selected as the statistical sample based on Morgan's table. The brand personality standard questionnaire (Jones et al., 2009), Customer loyalty Anismawa (2007), and a researcher-made risk aversion questionnaire were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires, in addition to the supervisor's approval, was confirmed by 10 supervised faculty members and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.849, 0.867 and 0.957, respectively, using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The validity of the questionnaire structure was also confirmed by factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos software. The results of structural equations showed that the brand personality has a direct and positive effect on risk aversion (factor = 0.359), attitudinal loyalty (factor = 0.575), behavioral loyalty of customers (factor = 0.548). Also, the model's indices show the fitness of the research communication model. 

Consumption is the principal feature of Iran€™s Gross National Production. Therefore, recognizing of factors that influence it is quite crucial. This article, investigates habit formation, durability, relative risk aversion and intertemporal substitution in consumption expenditures of Iranian households. For empirical study, at first, we constructed two weighted portfolio of the main assets return that households hold them. Then, by using generalized method of moments, we examined some models with the mentioned factors in pattern of households€™ consumption for 1979-2012 periods. Our Empirical findings indicated that for durable goods, the effect of habit persistence dominated the effect of durability in consumption expenditures and for semi durable goods vice versa. Also, for semi-durable and durable goods the effect of durability dominated the effect of habit formation. Furthermore, the results indicate that coefficients of relative risk aversion and elasticity of intertemporal substitution are between 0.25 to 0.95 and 1.05 to 4, respectively.    JEL Classification: C26, D91, G11

With increasing trade among different countries The exchange rate fluctuations, consumption, inflation, and market portfolios are considered as major risk factors in financial markets. Hence this study aimed to examine the relationship between the exchange rate fluctuations and asset returns within a theoretical and empirical model, i.e. Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Model (CCAPM). To this end, a basic CCAPM was extended and imported consumables were included in Epstein and Zin’s recursive utility function. The research sample encompassed eight portfolios and monthly data from 2003 to 2014. The pricing model parameters were estimated using Euler's equations and Hansen and Singleton’s generalized method of moments (GMM). An estimation of the parameters of Euler's equations indicates the risk aversion and tolerance of economic factors, low elasticity of substitution for domestic consumables and imported consumables, and high elasticity of intertemporal substitution. In the next step, using Euler’s linearized equations as asset pricing model and Fama and Macbeth's two-step regression method, the effects of exchange rate risk premium, inflation, market efficiency, and consumption growth on return premium on assets were investigated. The results indicated the positive impact of the exchange rate risk premium, inflation, and market returns on the return premium on assets.

Asset allocation has always been a challenging issue / for individuals and businesses to survive in our competitive world. One of the famous businesses, which has an enormous impact on people's lives worldwide, is the pension industry. Pension funds- as Defined Benefit, Defined Contribution, or others- accept reserves from contributors and try to invest them in a way to keep up with their obligations in the future or even pay more than that. The equity market has been one of the good choices for investment as pension funds try to reach a particular rate of return to maximize their wealth while considering not crossing red lines in taking risks. This paper will detail the new mathematical model for finding optimal stock portfolios using Generalized Co-Lower Partial Moment as a risk measure to minimize portfolio optimization. On the other hand, it introduces new tailored Expected Utility as a performance metric to maximize in this model. The proposed model's issue against previous studies is considering risk aversion and target rate of investment return as two significant investor characteristics. This is based on price returns' simulation of candidate stocks in TSE while using accurate and nonparametric Probability Density Function in historical data analysis.

The asymmetry of information between managers and shareholders significantly affects the company's investment decisions and exacerbates the problems of agency. It seems that these problems in developing markets such as Iran are more than developed markets. This research is an exploratory study, and it aims at reviewing the theory of agency in Iran. In the present study, based on the research paradigm, first, data acquisition strategy is selected based on a qualitative approach, and then qualitative study and analysis, quantitative approach, and factor analysis approach have been used to confirm the validity of the extracted model. Statistical analysis of research data shows that among the hypotheses of agency theory, risk aversion, supervision, and reward are revised dimensions in Iran like examples of developing countries.The results confirm the existence of assumptions; 1. Conflict of interests of manager and owner, 2. Information asymmetry, 3. Reverse choice, 4. Ethical risk, 5. Maximizing the expected utility, 6. Forcing and 7. Failure to confirm the assumption is the ability to predict the future and receive information. due to the existence of information asymmetry, higher investment risks of minority shareholders and transparency problems, the lack of ability to predict the future and receive information is necessarily confirmed.

Women have been trying to gain independence throughout history. In recent years, advances in technology and business have helped women to achieve this goal. According to women's personality and psychological characteristics, there are differences in their trading styles. One of the factors influencing the choice of this type of strategy is stress. In the last few years, stress and anxiety caused by Corona have become epidemic. In order to test the hypotheses, women traders active in the financial markets of Iran were examined using a Likert questionnaire in 2022, and interesting results were obtained. In order to carry out the research of this study, an interview was conducted first to find suitable questions and validity. Then, the statistical population and sample were selected, and the final questionnaire was distributed among them. MATLAB software was used to identify the number of common descriptive characteristics of the respondents, and finally, using EViews software, statistical analysis related to hypothesis testing was performed. The result shows that women play more conservatively and are risk-averse during the period of coronavirus infection. It has no effect on the volume and capital used in the transaction. The Corona anxiety has significant effects on the three dependent variables of conservatism, trading style, and trading (volume, capital, and number of transactions).