Tourism and Hospitality Research (IJTHR)

Traditional bazaars have been at the center of tourism attractions in the world and regardless of the passage of time and change in culture and people’s life, it has preserved its status. This paper aims to recognize the values, concepts and the inner meanings in bazaars of Kurdistan. In the case study of bazaars of Sananadaji and Asef located in Sanandaj and Qeisar-I Naqib bazaar located in Sulaymaniyah a pattern is presented to determine the main effective components on sense-making along with tourism development. For this purpose, qualitative-quantitative research methodology has been employed. In qualitative part of the research, some interviews with 16 experts have been conducted, and by applying open coding method, 105 keywords have been recognized and derived, which ends up creating a 74-question questionnaire in eight components. The questionnaire has been standardized by applying content validity and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and was distributed among people by applying Cochran sample size determination and stratified sampling, and considering the optimum allocation of 190 Persian questionnaires among the people in Sanandaj bazaar and 40 Kurdish questionnaires among people in Sulaymaniyah bazaar. The results of confirmatory factor analysis led to recognize five components; they were 38 percent of the total variance coverage. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the final model based on the components was confirmed. Among those components, emotional-perceptual and technical-physical components with the highest factor loading have been recognized as the most effective components of sense-making in the aforementioned bazaars along with tourism development.

Brands are considered one of the most valuable intangible assets. Branding is the idea of creating a unique feature to differentiate and is one of the essential components in tourism programs and the important tools for urban tourism development in different aspects of economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical. In this study, it is tried to investigate the impact of the global brand on the development of the tourism economy of the Damghan city. LESREL software had been used for this purpose . The research method was descriptive - analytic and of application type. In this study, data collection was done through SPSS and questionnaire distribution and library studies. The results of analysis of an agent for investigation of features (awareness, loyalty, image, perceived quality) on particular value of the pistachio brand in Damghan city indicated that the collected data were well supported the pattern and the overall indicators showed proper adequacy of the pattern by the data .Also after reviewing the second - order factorial analysis, it was found that all the factorial loads were meaningful and support the indicators and variables well. The investigations outcome of the impact rate of pistachio global brand on the development of tourism economy using T- test, showed that the acquired average is more than mean 3, and acquired meaningful level 0.000at level of 0.95 Indicated the high impact of pistachio particular brand on tourism economic development in Damghan city. Studying the results of direct and indirect effects of the global brand of pistachio in urban tourism development in economical dimensions using Path analysis test, showed that due to the acquired Betas, it is indicator of direct impact of global brand of pistachio on development of tourism industry in Damghan city.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain the environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations in Iran's penal code. The main question of the present article is how has environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations been considered in Iranian criminal law? To answer this main question, the loan we are trying to analyze is that environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism purposes require the protection of criminal law. The methodology of this research is to investigate the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents regarding the subject in terms of the subject and the objectives and the method of collecting information in a descriptive-analytical way. Accordingly, the collection of information in the form of a library and reference to databases and Internet searches of articles with a scientific degree of validity and updating will be. The data gathering tool is a snippet and database. The method of analysis in this paper will be qualitative and argumentative in this way, we examine the variables of the subject and describe and analyze the collected data in a systematic way.

The purpose of this research is to clarify the importance of economic equilibrium of tourism contracts and prove the importance and relevance of public order to economic equilibrium. The school of law and economics is one of the most important schools of law among applied law system. The primary purpose of the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is to provide and guarantee the interests of parties efficiently and this function should lead to socio-economic efficiently for the whole society. For this purpose, a superior power must be able to guarantee the economic equilibrium of the tourism contracts and establish a strong executive guarantee to avoid disrupting contracts. In other words, protecting the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is the task of an institution called public order and lawyers and economists believe that the task of enforcing public order is one of the duties of the state.The results of this study show that maintaining the economic equilibrium of a ground in order to achieve exchangeable justice in its true sense as well as the main goals of community contracts (contracts in society) As a result, it guarantees the effectiveness of the contract in the interest of social interest, and also, the economic equilibrium of the tourism contract must be consistent with socio-economic and legal criteria and the lack of economic equilibrium will lead to inefficiency of the contract and one of the obvious effects not doing that will be ineffectiveness of the contract and termination of the contract.

Tourism is a phenomenon that has different dimensions and types and in a way, one can say that the entire political, cultural, social and economic system of a country is involved. Given that a systemic attitude towards the security and sustainable development of tourism is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this article is to examine the necessity of planning and systemic attitude of the government towards the security and sustainable development of tourism in metropolises of Iran with an emphasis on the metropolis of Tehran. The main question of the article is that the reasons for the planning and attitude of the system of governance regarding the security and sustainable development of tourism in the metropolis of the Iranian cities? The hypothesis we are trying to investigate and analyze is to answer this question the sovereignty of phenomena should, in principle, be a system and tourism, in addition to necessity, also has an inner necessity which is due to the nature of this phenomenon. This article is an analytical descriptive where will try using library resources as well as scientific and research papers to analyze and explain the subject. The results of this article also show that tourism and sustainable development in Iran require management and planning, especially in the field of security promotion and the two in the group have a systemic attitude from the government. Metropolitan evidence of Iranian cities, and in particular Tehran, suggests the separation and insularity of the areas of security and sustainable development of tourism and the non-systemic attitude in these areas

 Second homes tourism is one of the patterns of tourism expansion especially in rural and mountainous areas that is achieved through the expansion of the ownership of second homes (upcountry or holiday homes). Despite the relatively long history of second homes in rural areas, second home tourism has recently experienced a resurgence, often due to new patterns of production and economic consumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the second homes in tourism in Damavand. The city has been attracted by tourists, especially homeowners, due to its specific geographical location, such as the countryside, beautiful highlands and valleys, lack of pollution in the cities, and its terms of its easy access to this city. Descriptive and analytical research method and processing of 127 questionnaires in SPSS environment showed that there is a significant relationship between second homes and tourism development.