Tourism and Hospitality Research (IJTHR)

Researches indicate that tourism, and specifically religious tourism, has an ancient history. This issue which is one of the significant foundations of the global economy in the twenty first century is now apparent among the nations of the globe, especially for Muslim nations, more than ever due to travel incentives and invention of various means of transportation. Since the old times, people traveled around the globe for several purposes including food, touring, trade, pilgrimage to holy places, entertainment, a variety of sports, which is continued with an increasing trend. Nowadays, one of the most common types of tourism is the religious and pilgrimage tourism which is flourished and prospered, in the light of Islamic laws and regulations, after formation of stable Islamic governments and as security is maintained. An special attention has been paid to touring and journeys in Islam religion, specifically in the word of God almighty in the Holy Quran, touring is emphasized and repeated as examples for the servants in more than tens of verses so that people act intelligently as they see the relics of the past, and in fact, these are a guiding light for those who are trying to provide themselves with spirituality and free themselves from the darkness and to bring peace and comfort besides safety for themselves. The Islamic country of Iran, has a high potential of religious tourism, and with the holy shrine of his Holiness Imam Reza (PBUH) and the holy shrine of her Holiness Fatemeh Masoumeh (PBUH) and also over 3400 known Pantheons which many of them is the shrine of great martyrs, also 8919 holy religious places, can be the vanguard of religious and pilgrimage tourism in the world and thus to benefit from its economic and spiritual effects, which we address here in this paper.

The war and the remaining works have territorial, psychological and social dimensions. It can be said that war is a scene of the epic, resistance and brave men of soldiers who have always enjoyed their homeland and their ideological attitude for the next generations and for a patriotic pattern and patronage of the motherland. War tourism is a form of tourism that experts in this area have placed it as a special tourism and some adventurous. In Iran, war tourism has a lot to do with what tourism planners define, because the main battlefield of the enemies of this border after the Iraqi imposed war against Iran has entered into an aggressive range of its cultural and psychological reach, Supreme Leader is referred to as "cultural invasion" and sometimes "soft warfare". Therefore, in a practical, analytical and descriptive study, the researcher studied the role of war tourism in identifying the spirit of resistance, sacrifice and martyrdom in order to confront the soft warfare of the enemy has been addressed. In this research, the statistical population of the Ilam Visitor Survey is randomly selected individuals. The sample size was 100 according to Cochran's formula. The SWOT analysis was carried out and its strategies determined, and ultimately, with the help of the IFE and EFE matrices, it became clear that in the development of war tourism to deal with the soft war of the enemy, internal factors had weaknesses and the strengths of the external factors. Also, the strategy used in this research is an adaptive strategy that prioritizes these strategies using the QSPM method.

Today, the residents of urban areas try to spend some time in the natural quiet, original and intact environments to escape from the various types of environmental pollution that threatens them. Therefore, tourism is one of the phenomena that has affected the rural areas and especially the summer villages of Tehran in recent decades. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of emergence and identification of environmental factors in the development of tourism around metropolis of Tehran. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. For information gathering, field surveys (questionnaires) were used and 100 households were interviewed. The results show that the tourism of the studied villages dates back to the decades 1991s and 80s, so that in the 2001s, it had a growing trend, and a meaningful relationship between natural and human factors in the formation of this industry has existed. According to the findings of the research, it is suggested to identify the effects and environmental factors in the development of tourism structures in rural areas.

Among the various factors that can affect the urban sustainable development, are tourism and the consequences of it. So that a comprehensive review of the impact of tourism development in an urban area, requires to examine it in terms of sustainable urban development. In this regard, the paper aims to identify and analyze the obstacles to the sustainable development of tourism in the coastal city of Tonekabon. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and data collection was carried out by a questionnaire. Using Cochran formula, samples are obtained from 323 household caregivers in Tonekabon, who were selected randomly. In order to assess the obstacles to the sustainable development of tourism in the coastal city of Tonekabon, using the factor analysis, 38 variables in four dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental and physical) were tested. Finally, constraints were classified into seven factors separately, the results show: Stability obstacles accounted to 74.75% of the total variance and the physical-environmental dimension accounted to 16.12% of eigenvalue variance to be known as the main obstacle. Also, the results for rotation of the factors by the Varimax method show that out of the 38 variables entered in the exploratory factor analysis, only 25 variables with a factor load above 4% remained.

 Spatial expansion and land use changes in agricultural lands are among important factors contributing to environmental damages and disabilities of productive economy in the region especially in agricultural aspects. This trend is common in developing countries. These changes in land use usually occur by those who target agricultural lands for speculations and other abusing form of economy. In addition this trend also affects environment likewise economy and environment which is attributed as sprawl. Urumia Urban region gains valuable agricultural lands which plays a key role in in both environment and economy. In recent two decades according to excessive construction in the region these areas are turned out to be more of a recreational site for affluent families which has decreased agricultural functions there and also has damaged beautiful landscapes of the villages. Recent occurrence is resulted from not being cost effective agricultural activities and inefficiency of the market supplemented with not supporting agricultural activities. This has leaded that Urumia urban region go through a spatial expansion which differs considerably with urban sprawl. This paper is aimed to analyze effective factors on land se changes and the following sprawl by it. Moreover there are two main questions that should be answered: first is which factors contribute to spatial expansion in agricultural areas? How is attributed the sprawl dominating Urumia urban region? In order to analyze and producing status qua and current relationship between Urumia city and agricultural lands we used a descriptive and analytical method and in order to analyzing development process we went to the documents and finally in order to examine occurred changes we used from satellite photographs and cartographic photos in different periods. After gathering data and statistics and classification in the second stage by observing we tried to perfect the statistics. The results express that the absence cost effectiveness in agricultural activities and speculation in land and of course having nothing in common between users and speculators has resulted a new form of sprawl in Urumia which differs considerably with common forms of it. This new sprawl has features which sustains affluent interests.

Vicinity in its various dimensions (Geographical, Political, cultural and etc ) has Fundamental importance in convergence and common understanding of the political units. This factor led to Convergence and sustainable security in various aspects of economic, socio-cultural and environmental . Therefore, Health infrastructure, cultural heritage, economic interests and ... have important from the perspective of Geopolitical tourism . Accordingly, this study has raised the question that is the geographic proximities such as Geographical neighbors, Identity – historical, Common cultural heritage, Health, environmental problems, economic interests, political and etc, in relation to Iran and Azarbayejan (Geopolitical tourism) of the two countries can be resulted in sustainable convergence and security. Explaining the question has been done by the Analytical - Descriptive method and the collection of Data and Information have been done by library study . The results show that in the world of highly evolved, that threats Show themselves In newer dimensions day by day, Geopolitical Tourism can determine the convergence And common understanding between political units - Space of geopolitical contexts. In the meantime, whatever this proximities more and deeper, Tourism geopolitical power as a parameter in the field of convergence and convergence of political - space units - would be more practical. Since the two countries of Iran and Azerbaijan have a variety of cultural, social, environmental, economic interests, etc proximities, Geopolitical Tourism can provide the contexts of shared understanding and the convergence between the two countries.