درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

حقوق دریاها

حقوق ارتباطات حقوق بین الملل حقوق تجارت بین المللی و اقتصادی حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی حقوق خصوصی حقوق عمومی فقه و حقوق کلیات گرایش های جدید حقوقی گروه های ویژه نقد و بررسی کتاب
حقوق بشر حقوق بین الملل خصوصی حقوق بین الملل عمومی حقوق تطبیقی
حقوق بشر دوستانه و مخاصمات بین المللی حقوق بین الملل کیفری حقوق دریاها حقوق دیپلماتیک حقوق سازمانهای بین المللی حقوق معاهدات بین الملل حقوق هوا-فضا مراجع صالح بین المللی مسئولیت بین المللی دولتها
ترتیب بر اساس: جدیدترینپربازدید‌ترین
فیلتر های جستجو: فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۸۱ تا ۱۰۰ مورد از کل ۱۱۶ مورد.
۸۱.

The Approach of the International Court of the Law of the Sea towards the Principles of Sustainable Development(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 27 - 41

کلید واژه ها: Sustainable Development International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Precautionary Principle Integration Principle Good Governance

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۲۵ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۶
Today, advances in science and technology have increased human power to change the environment; This situation has endangered human survival. Sustainable development is one of the solutions to solve this challenge. The emphasis of sustainable development is on intergenerational commitment and intergenerational and intergenerational justice, quality of life and participation of individuals in the development process. Since international judicial authorities play an important role in the development of international law, it is important to address the jurisprudence of these courts in the context of sustainable development and its principles. This article analyzes some of the rulings of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and states that in its decisions of the last two decades, the Court has made good use of the principles of sustainable development and revealed the normative element of the concept of sustainable development. The rulings of this court indicate the establishment of the position of these principles in the practice of this institution and its positive approach to the rights of future generations, while defending the interests of the current generation.
۸۲.

Legal Implications of an Arbitration Award under the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, Case Study of the South China Sea Arbitration(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۳, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 1 - 19

کلید واژه ها: Historical Rights Islands Low tide elevations Marine environment Arbitral Tribunal

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۴
The southern part of the China Sea has been the site of one of the most important maritime disputes in five decades. Tensions are so high that some predict World War III will break out in the region. The Philippines's referral for arbitration in respect of some of its disputes with China resulted in the issuing of a 2016 arbitration award. The legal and political significance of this Award has caused debates among scholars. The legality of the Award and the validity of the court's arguments in various positions are among the topics of these discussions.  In this study, our main question is how much this award has contributed to resolving and clarifying the legal aspects of the maritime disputes between the parties. Our secondary question is the impact of this Award on regional and international peace. The findings of this study indicate that the arbitral tribunal's approach has a significant impact on understanding the concept of "historical rights" as well as the explanation and interpretation of marine environmental protection provisions in the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the tribunal's view, by joining the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the rules concerning maritime zones, except in rare cases, override the historical rights of States. It also played an important role in defining and explaining various maritime features; including islands, rocks, and low-tide elevations. However, the effect of the award on reducing tensions in the southern part of the China Sea, Chinese government policies, and Regional peace is in doubt.
۸۳.

Port State Control (PSC) and the Environmental impacts of International Shipping(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۸, Wintert ۲۰۲۳ 7-35

کلید واژه ها: Port State Control (PSC) Marine environment non-standard vessel MoU’s

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۹۴
Seas are the most important and unexplored and unknown ecosystems and the largest source of biodiversity on earth, which make up 90% of the biosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the marine environment as a precious asset and heritage against the damages caused by human activities, including international shipping. One of the international means to achieve this aim is the port state control (PSC) mechanism, PSC which is rooted in the traditional principle of free access of ships to the ports, also international conventions and regional memorandum of understandings )MoU’s( is considered complementary to the competencies of the flag state for environmental protection and maritime safety, allows the port states to assess the compliance of ships with relevant international and regional regulations, and to carry out a non-discriminatory inspection of foreign ships entering their ports. this paper review and criticize the role of current PSC mechanisms in the protection of the marine environment. To that end, use of the descriptive-analytical method to explaining the concept and legal foundations of PSC and the most important environmental challenges caused by the Increasing growth of international shipping and analyze the role of PSC. This study's findings provide that, the international PSC regime suffers some defects, accordingly to be more effective needs to mutation, in a way that includes new environmental damages, as well as, increase international convergence and integration in its Implementation This goal is achieved through the conclusion of a global MoU.
۸۴.

Environmental Problems of Persian Gulf From Ecopolitical Perspective(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 1 - 25

کلید واژه ها: Ecopolitics Persian Gulf Institutional Proportionality Environmental risks

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۷۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۷
Environmental risks and conflicts in the framework of the relations between countries and subsequently their role-playing in interaction and collaboration or conflicts and struggles between political actors especially in the level of states have reproduced serious discussions and disputes on the environment, security, and power which are interpreted as environmental geopolitics or ecopolitics by modern political geography. Geographically, the Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed sea that has a very low capacity of self-dredging in comparison to that of high seas; hence, it retains the pollutants for longer periods of time. Some of its environmental problems arise from the various activities of the people residing along the northern and southern shores. If the situation is exacerbated by the factors such as oil and its subsequent pollutions, militarism and its subsequent destruction, desalination of seawater, and the construction of artificial islands, one can conclude that regional convergence between the countries neighboring this body of water in the process of bioregionalism would be of an essential necessity. According to the research findings, states acting in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf to produce power, security and to sustain them, from one hand, and to protect this shared aquatic ecosystem in the event of sustainable development, from the other hand, should mobilize all collective cooperations and operationalize the bioregionalism in regional and supranational scales.
۸۵.

Maritime Defense Diplomacy of Maritime Powers in the Indian Ocean Based on Their Presence in The Region(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۸, Wintert ۲۰۲۳ 91-114

کلید واژه ها: Naval Power Indian Ocean -Defense Diplomacy Geopolitics

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۸
The Indian Ocean is Considered One of The Most Important and Sensitive Regions of The World, And for This Reason, Maintaining Its Security Is Very Important. The Amazing Economic Growth of Southeast and East Asian Countries Such as China, India and Japan in World Trade on The One Hand and The Special Role of The Persian Gulf and Iran as An Energy Supplying Region (Oil and Gas) On the Other Hand Show the Importance of The Indian Ocean as A Strategic Region to Connect These Two the Area Has Grown to Hundreds. The Role of This Geopolitical Region in Providing Energy, The Existence of Busy Straits, The Mass Consumer Market and The Presence of Powers with High Economic Growth Have Led to The Increasing Importance of The Global Position and The Change in The Balance of Maritime Power in It. This Research Was Done with Analytical and Descriptive Method Using Library and Documentary Sources and The Results Show That the Scene of The Indian Ocean Is of Great Importance Due to Its Key Role in Maritime Trade and This Has Made the Indian Ocean the Place the World's Major Maritime Powers Are Competing and Each Has Its Own Diplomacy in This Region.
۸۶.

An Examination of the Principal Rights of the Refugees at Sea: Right to be Rescued and and Right to Non-Refoulement(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 39 - 68

کلید واژه ها: Irregular migrants Asylum Seekers rescue at sea Human Rights Law Refugee’s law

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۶۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۳
The sea pathways are extensively considers as a way to reach a safe zone for the forced people, who their lives are threatened for many reasons. A large number of the irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees are drowned daily in the sea, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea. The numbers of the deaths are worrying and alarming. It requires urgent and effective actions by States to prevent this disastrous human crisis. This paper through descriptive and analytical research method through a qualitative research examines the international legal framework for the protection of irregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees’ rights and focuses on two essential rights of their rescue at sea and its related right of non-refoulement. The paper concludes that the security and military ironic measures of the coastal States, particularly those of certain European States, are considered as a serious risk for the rights of the people trafficked through the sea in order to be moved from the place of danger to a safe zone. Accordingly, States must play a more responsible role in assisting and protecting the desperate irregular, asylum seekers and refugees at sea in order to guarantee their fundamental rights.
۸۷.

Examining the Necessary Standards of Shipping based on Customary and Statuary Maritime Law(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۸, Wintert ۲۰۲۳ 115-138

کلید واژه ها: Necessary Standards Shipping Customary Statuary Maritime Law

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۶
The correlation between the sea and the ship with scientific and technological progress and human needs in the field of trade and transportation, and the existence of inspection and observatory control in territories and their safety has caused the attention of organizations and countries to its effectiveness. On the other hand, it caused promoted productivity through the use of skilled manpower on the ship. Undoubtedly, creating universal and acceptable regulations is important so that they can be turned into law. Definitely, in this law, attention should be paid to the evaluation of the prospect of sea events and it can be predicted. Factors such as affreightment, collisions at sea, ship damage, and maritime rescue can be among these rules and clarify the purposes of a safe sea. On the other hand, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) works very actively and effectively in the direction of the compilation of these regulations and laws. It should be noted that with the progress of the shipping industry and the expansion of the sea boundaries, it is better that these laws become updated and more preventive and practical. Therefore, new standards in the maritime transport industry must be pursued by the World Maritime Organization and with a survey of the member countries, more attention should be paid to the security, speed, and services of the ports and sailing of the countries. Although one of the appreciable achievements of the World Maritime Organization has been the transformation of unsafe traditional ports into safe modern ports. But it seems that the diversity of sea transportation with regard to commodity exchanges requires the implementation of a more legal and regulatory strategy. In this article certainly, attention has been paid to the importance and fundamental role of the World Maritime Organization, because the most important basis of maritime transport is the ship. It should be noted that the ship has an independent identity and personality. On the other hand, the diversity in the utilization of ships in the aspects of commerce, public services, military, and the diversity of ship types requires special standardization and proficient implementation.
۸۸.

Protecting Environmental Security of the Caspian Sea in the Light of the New Legal System(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۳, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 101 - 120

کلید واژه ها: Caspian Sea protection and support Environment Legal system international law

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۶۸
During its historical life, the Caspian Sea has always been a safe place for many races, people, and governments. Unfortunately, humanity does not appreciate this valuable water zone and steps away consciously or unknowingly on the path to its destruction and demolition. Taking the path in this way is equal to obliterating the roots of the present generation and future generations. With the aim of evaluating the environmental security structure of the Caspian Sea, this research examines a new legal framework for this water zone. Moreover, the research also argued that the Caspian requires effective political and legal decision-making to achieve its ideal state both environmentally and economically or socially. Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Caspian Sea was dominated by the two governments of Iran and the Soviet Union. The intense asymmetry between power and resources between the two countries led to the unofficial and actual control of the region in the hands of the Soviet Union.
۸۹.

Study on the Challenges of the Enrica Lexie Case: Criminal Jurisdiction; Security of Ships; Immunity of Marines(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۳, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 75 - 99

کلید واژه ها: Criminal Jurisdiction Exclusive Economic Zone Immunity Piracy Merchant Ship

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۶ تعداد دانلود : ۲۱۳
On 15 February 2012, two Indian nationals aboard the St. Antony, an Indian fishing ship, were killed allegedly as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with the Enrica Lexie, an Italian merchant ship, in international waters, off the Indian coast. The nature of the confrontation has been in contention. Enrica Lexie was traveling from Singapore to Egypt accompanied by six Italian navy marines. Enrica Lexie began firing at India's Exclusive Economic Zone because they thought pirate boats attacked them. Indian Navy detained the Enrica Lexie and two Italian navy Marines were arrested on charges of murder of two Indian fishermen. This incident caused the dispute between India and Italy over criminal jurisdiction, functional immunity of Italian navy marines, and the practice of arming merchant ships. They refer this dispute to arbitration and finally, Tribunal issued its award. This paper via the descriptive-analytical method, exploring existing documents, conventions, and customary international law shows that criminal jurisdiction over Italian merchant ships at EEZ belongs to the flag state. Most countries permit and even force to arm their flag merchant ships to fight against pirates, so this practice becomes a rule of customary international law. As a result, actions of these Italian marines are attributed to Italy as a governmental act, and state officials are entitled, in principle, to functional immunity from foreign jurisdiction regarding their ‘official’ acts, i.e., when acting in their official capacity.
۹۰.

On the Environmental Responsibility for Extracting Natural Resources from the Deep Seabed(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۳, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 21 - 48

کلید واژه ها: Environmental Responsibility International Deep Seabed Authority Environmental Damage Marine Mining

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۵ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۵
Minerals in nature are one of the most valuable treasures on the earth, which due to the limitation of these resources on land and its heterogeneous distribution in different countries, has made human beings think about extracting the new resources. The limited mineral resources on land and the heterogeneous distribution of these substances in different countries have made human beings think about extracting and using the resources of other parts of the earth and even other planets. Deep-sea mineral resources can be considered as a reliable alternative to compensate for the limitations of land resources. The developed countries were more concerned with the use of these resources than others because, given the dependence of their economies on third-world mineral resources, the development of offshore resources could mean the liberation of their economies from this dependence. In political and scientific circles, the concept of the common heritage of humanity was gradually introduced, based on which activities related to mining in the deep sea. The method of this research is a descriptive-analytical study using library resources, the study of articles, and a review of environmental treaties and related internet resources. The result of this research shows, that none of these legal systems in the field of responsibility can respond to the challenges independently. This research tries to provide a legal solution by considering the opinions of environmental experts, an executive solution about achieving new financial resources based on combined systems of environmental responsibility.
۹۱.

Marine Biological Diversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction; Legal Framework under the New Legally-Binding Convention on BBNJ(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 85 - 117

کلید واژه ها: Marine Biological Diversity Genetic Resources inter-generational equity Conservation and sustainable use

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۵۱ تعداد دانلود : ۹۴
The concerns of the international community regarding the potential environmental crisis for future generations have being increased arising out of the intensification of the challenges and threats to the marine environment as well as diminution of the biological resources as a result of the aggregation of harmful human activities over the maritime zones. At the same time, conservation, sustainable use and governance of the oceans through the application of the rule of law is one of the most important issues that have been at the forefront of the international community's endeavor dealing with law of the sea and ocean affairs. The United Nations General Assembly in order to resolve the challenges of the existing legal framework governing marine biodiversity has established a legally binding instrument for conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction known as the BBNJ process within the framework of the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The present paper, while considering the basic foundations of the existing international legal framework applicable to marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, describes the strengths and weaknesses of the current legal framework in order to improve the ongoing international legally binding instrument concerning BBNJ and will pursue the monitoring of the ongoing process from international law perspectives.
۹۲.

Legal Nature of Seaworthiness Obligation in Charter Party Agreements(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۷, Autumn ۲۰۲۲ 137 - 168

کلید واژه ها: Seaworthiness obligation maritime transport charter party agreement implicit obligations of the owner

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۵ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۵
As one of the most popular means of trade in the world, shipping by sea has always been subject to maritime hazards. Thus, the implicit commitment of a ship lease contract is that the transport operator provides a seaworthy ship. There is, however, no specific definition of the legal nature of this obligation in most conventions or international laws, and it is only in this regard that the statement of seaworthiness is cited as an implied obligation. Having been written in the descriptive-analytical method, this study attempts to explain the legal nature of this obligation, its position among absolutes or relatives, primaries or subsidiaries, implicit fundamentals or customs, its compliance with the conditions of article 234, the burden of proving seaworthiness, and the lack of performance guarantees caused by its absence. According to the results of the study, a transport operator is under a relative obligation to provide a seaworthy vessel. The existence of this obligation can be mentioned both as a main condition and a secondary condition, and if there is no specification in the contract, it is referred to as a customary implied obligation. Additionally, the condition of seaworthiness would be close to the verb condition in accordance with Article 234 of the Civil Code of Iran. For a claimant (the owner of the goods) to prove a lack of seaworthiness, they only need to provide evidence that the loss has occurred. For the sea transport operator to be relieved of responsibility, s/he must prove that s/he took the necessary precautions at the start of the voyage. The owner, otherwise, is responsible for compensating the victim for the damages caused by the violation of unseaworthiness by restoring the previous situation by providing the property and if an excuse is provided, by supplying a substitute.
۹۳.

Analysis of the ISPS Code and Its Implementation: Case Study of Malaysia and South Korea(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 119 - 149

کلید واژه ها: Terrorism Maritime Security ISPS Code Malaysia South Korea

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۳
Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was faced with the issue of maritime security against terrorist incidents. Accordingly, it adopted the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) in December 2002 as part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974- as amended) in order to increase maritime security through fulfilling its regulations by Contracting Governments. This Code, entered into force on 1 July 2004, provides a set of regulations for ship and port facility security. The first part of this paper focuses on the introduction and analysis of the key regulations of the ISPS Code. The second part of this paper focuses on the successful practices of two Contracting Governments, namely Malaysia and South Korea. Accordingly, this paper evaluates the enforcement of the regulations of the ISPS Code by concentrating on these two countries in East Asia in order to measure the effectiveness of the Code in enhancing maritime security of these two countries. This paper concludes that to achieve the objectives of the ISPS Code, all Contracting Countries should fully implement its regulations and for achieving a higher standards in maintaining maritime security they are advised to take advantage of the experiences and practices of such successful countries as Malaysia and South Korea in fulfilling the regulations of the ISPS Code. The research method applied in this paper is based on the descriptive - analytical method.
۹۴.

Conflicting Views on the Innocent Passage of Warships with Emphasis on the Practice of Iran(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۳, Autumn ۲۰۲۱ 121 - 153

کلید واژه ها: Innocent passage military vessels Territorial sea Iran Official Practice

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۸
The conflict between sovereignty over parts of the sea and the necessity of "innocent passage" concept has been the most contentious field in the law of the sea." Two hypotheses in this field have collided in the history of international law of the sea. The first hypothesis is that every human possesses the seas together. "Navigation" and other operations are also allowed for all. Under the excuse of owning the sea, no state has the right to restrict other people's use. However, the second theory says that the sea is owned by someone who controls part of it, and its use can be limited. In international law, the "innocent passage" by foreign vessels from the territorial sea of a country is widely recognized. However, in some territories, the requirements for the "innocent passage" of military vessels include the need for prior notice or the coastal state's permission. Most forces, led by the US, believe in absolute freedom of the military vessel's "innocent passage." However, most Asian countries, including Iran, assume that they can prior notification or approval for a foreign military vessel passage. This activity was often resisted in operational as well as diplomatic phases by naval forces such as the United States. 
۹۵.

Investigating the Use of IRI Navy Logistics Capacities in Case of Encountering a Crisis Institutions(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۶, Summer ۲۰۲۲ 111 - 137

کلید واژه ها: Logistics Capacities crisis management Natural Disaster Crisis IRI Strategic Navy

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۴ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۵
Throughout history, Iran has always been exposed to many natural and unnatural crises due to its geographical, economic, cultural, natural, and political characteristics, and especially its location in the strategic region of the Middle East. This study aims to investigate the position and role of the logistics capacities of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (IRI Navy henceforth) in encountering the natural disaster crisis. The entire participants included 120 senior officers of the Deputy of Readiness and Support, the heads of readiness and support of the affiliated regions and bases, and the middle managers of the headquarters and ranks of the Readiness and Support Command of Najaf among whom 92 were selected randomly based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (19700 table. Data were collected quantitatively using researcher-made disaster management questionnaires and IRI Navy preparedness capacities. Then, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. To test the hypotheses and the accuracy of the conceptual model of the research, the structural equation modeling method using the partial least squares (PLS) method was used. Findings indicated the significance of the IRI Navy's preparedness hypotheses on managing and reducing the damage caused by the natural disaster crisis. The results showed that the component of responsibility had the highest rank and importance and the components of timeliness, information, and technology, coordination, mobile systems, efficiency, and preparedness were among the next priorities of logistics capacity in case of encountering a natural disaster crisis, respectively.
۹۶.

Authorities and Compensation for Seabed Exploitation Beyond the Territorial Jurisdiction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۶, Summer ۲۰۲۲ 25 - 55

کلید واژه ها: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea International Seabed Authority 1982 Convention Compensation

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۳۱ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۲
The seabed chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is an authority for dispute settlement in seabed area cases. This chamber, in nature, is a specific judiciary for dispute resolution of this marine area in the tribunal. First, the governments must settle their disputes based on one of the peaceful resolution methods, and then should refer to the tribunal in case of agreement. Compared to the International Court of Justice in referring to dispute settlement, the most important feature of the tribunal and its chamber is the creation of a specific chamber and dispute settlement through arbitration and the presence of a special judge for dispute parties. Moreover, the seabed chamber can issue an advisory opinion, if required. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the chamber depends on two kinds of optional and compulsory jurisdictions of the tribunal, so that contractors and their guaranteeing states have joint liability for international seabed authority. It should be noted that states are responsible for an action and omission of the act causing harm in the seabed and under the seabed only in case of failure to apply their regulatory advice for contractors. The first and most important compensation for harm to the seabed is prevention from more hazards against seabed and under the seabed. Furthermore, immediate notification to coastal authorities and states, postliminium (restoration of the status formerly possessed), and complete compensation are forms of respective actions.
۹۷.

Study the Roles of Iran Navy and Naval Alliances in the Persian Gulf and Oman sea(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۶, Summer ۲۰۲۲ 83 - 109

کلید واژه ها: Iran Navy naval alliances Persian Gulf Oman Sea

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۶ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۱
The formation and activity of naval alliances formed in the waters of southern Iran may lead to a critical situation in the region and an increase in military tension between the naval units of the Iranian army and the military units of the coalition forces. In response to this question, the current research, what roles can the Navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran play in confronting naval coalitions? This research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature. For this purpose, qualitative data was collected by using a questionnaire and through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts and specialists of the Navy, and then by using the method of foundational data theory, the data were coded through three stages of open coding. Axial and selective coding was analyzed and the result was 8 general categories, which in the form of a paradigm model include causal conditions (building power at sea and confidence building at sea), axial category (maritime geopolitical position of Iran), conditions Background (naval knowledge and naval ability), intervening conditions (diplomacy capacities), strategy (development of oceanic navy) and consequence (strengthening of Iran's naval power) were introduced.
۹۸.

Analysis of the Action to Combat to Impunity of Modern piracy from the Perspective of International Law(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۵, Spring ۲۰۲۲ 1 - 18

کلید واژه ها: Piracy International Crime Impunity united nation Convention on the Law of the Sea International Criminal Court

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۵ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۸
The crime of piracy as the oldest international crime has emerged in a modern way in recent years. In addition, piracy is one of the first and main crimes that have been subject to universal jurisdiction. Today, this crime has moved away from its classic way and has progressed to the point of a transformation. This has caused the United Nations Security Council, as the main pillar of maintaining international peace and security, to deal with it many times by issuing resolutions. Despite continuous efforts to prosecute the perpetrators of piracy in domestic courts, the international community has not been able to effectively deal with this phenomenon, because states are facing problems to suppress piracy, including the increasing human rights norms. For this purpose to fight against piracy, new and potential solutions have been proposed, including the establishment of a special international court, referring piracy to the International Criminal Court, as well as dealing with the crime of piracy as a terrorist crime through anti-terrorist conventions. In this regard, according to outcomes of this research, combat to modern piracy in the International Criminal Court can be considered the most effective and efficient way. Compiled with a descriptive and analytical method, by setting this outcome as a hypothesis and examining the characteristics and the limitations of combat to this crime, new and potential solutions of combat to impunity of modern piracy, especially in International Criminal Court, has been discussed.
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Analysis of the International Responsibility of Governments In the use of Laser Weapons in Maritime Conflicts from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۲, Issue ۸, Wintert ۲۰۲۳ 37-68

کلید واژه ها: Maritime conflicts laser weapons international responsibility International Armed Conflicts International Law of the Seas

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۸
In recent years, we witnessed the use of laser weapons in naval conflicts in the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman. Conflicts that are not armed and under the laws of hostilities and the rights of war are not considered, and the use of laser weapons in them violates the principles of proportionality and necessity in international humanitarian law. Based on the Fourth Protocol of 1995 of the 1980 on Conventional Weapons and Article 86 of International Customary Humanitarian Law, the use of blinding and permanently blinding laser weapons is prohibited. Based on Article 36 of the 1st Additional Protocol of 1977, the governments in the production and use of new weapons should ensure that they are not prohibited from the point of view of international rules.the use of laser weapons in the aforementioned maritime conflicts is a violation of international obligations and has a criminal nature, and according to Article 2 of the 2001 international responsibility plan of governments, it causes the international responsibility of the governments that use it. The main goal of this research is to analyze the international responsibility of governments in using laser weapons in maritime conflicts in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Therefore, by using an applied research with a descriptive-analytical method to collect the data obtained through library studies and field investigation, we have sought to realize this goal. The result of the research showed that laser weapons are a violation of international obligations in the field of intimidation, unnecessary pain and suffering, use by terrorist groups, intelligent murder,violation of the right to life and the right to reproduction. humanitarian rights, human rights and mandatory rules and universal obligations are international and are considered an international violation and cause the international responsibility of governments.
۱۰۰.

Regulatory Role of International Maritime Organization: Case Study: “Port State Control”(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Maritime Policy, Volume ۱, Issue ۲, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 69 - 83

کلید واژه ها: International Maritime Organization Port State Control the Convention on the Law of the See Regional Agreements

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۲ تعداد دانلود : ۹۴
The world witnessed a change in the arrangement of international actors after the Second World War and the rise of international organizations in the international landscape. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was one of these entities, acting as the UN specialized agency in maritime affairs. This study mainly aims at reviewing the regulatory role of the IMO, particularly the Port State Control (PSC) regime, by addressing its concept, as well as the legal basis and the control procedures. This mainly descriptive–inductive study describes and analyzes the legal bases of the PSC. Generally, IMO is identified with two types of functions: legislation and regulation. IMO’s regulatory function is reflected in two main tools, namely, the Audit Scheme of its Member States and Port State Control (PSC). With its supplementary nature, PSC is in fact an efficient maritime system for the safety and protection of the marine environment, encouraging states to watch for the safety of ships other than those flying their flags, especially those visiting their ports. This control system has led to an effective and efficient implementation of IMO rules and regulations.

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