گلنار مزدایسنا

گلنار مزدایسنا

مطالب
ترتیب بر اساس: جدیدترینپربازدید‌ترین

فیلتر های جستجو: فیلتری انتخاب نشده است.
نمایش ۱ تا ۱۷ مورد از کل ۱۷ مورد.
۱.

The impact of using multimedia glosses on vocabulary acquisition: The case of Iranian intermediate EFL learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۳۳, Spring & summer ۲۰۲۴ 260 - 277

کلید واژه ها: EFL Learners CALL gloss multimedia gloss Multimedia learning

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۲ تعداد دانلود : ۴۱
This study aimed to explore the effect of multimedia glosses on the vocabulary acquisition of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. The program employed in this study provided the learners with glosses for words in the form of sounds and videos. The participants were 40 intermediate EFL learners studying English at a private institute in Esfahan. The participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants were given the exact reading context from a software called "Tell Me More." The experimental group had access to multimedia glosses for unknown words. The learners were granted access to the glosses by clicking on the highlighted words. The control group, regarding the clarification of the unknown word lexis, received help from the researcher through the conventional method and had access to a dictionary. After 10 sessions, a vocabulary test was given to experimental and control groups. The application of an independent t-test indicated that the performance of the participants exposed to multimedia glosses was significantly superior to that of the control group. The present study offers valuable insights for CALL material designers in selecting the optimal combination of modalities to facilitate L2 vocabulary acquisition.
۲.

The Impact of Genre-based Instruction on Academic Writing & Self-efficacy: The Case of Graduate Students’ Thesis Proposal(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۹, Spring & summer ۲۰۲۲ 99 - 117

کلید واژه ها: academic writing self-efficacy Genre-based instruction self-efficacy questionnaire TEFL graduate students thesis proposal writing skills

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۸۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۳۰
This study was conducted to explore the effects of genre-based writing instruction on thesis proposal writing self-efficacy and writing quality. Twenty-two graduate students majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language participated in the study. Drawing on Bandura's (2006) guidelines, we developed a proposal writing self-efficacy questionnaire, which students completed at the beginning of the semester and the end of one semester. They wrote a preliminary proposal at the beginning of the semester, that is, before being exposed to a genre-based approach. For one semester the students’ awareness was raised concerning the generic structures of the sections included in the thesis proposal and relevant lexico-grammatical features were highlighted. Students initially showed strong writing self-efficacy, which significantly increased at the end of the semester. They also showed remarkably significant improvement in their proposal writing skills. Students’ pre-instruction skills perception was higher than their proposal quality, which may be attributed to their lack of knowledge of academic writing conventions. However, after receiving genre-based instruction, their proposal quality surpassed their level of self-efficacy. The results of this study are discussed, and implications of the study are provided.
۳.

The Efficacy of Using the Flipped Classroom Model on Fluency of Foreign Language Learners' Speech

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۷, No. ۴, Autumn ۲۰۲۲ 17 - 36

کلید واژه ها: Flipped Classroom Model Foreign Language Learners Oral Fluency speaking proficiency

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۱۴۰ تعداد دانلود : ۸۳
The current study was an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model on the fluency of foreign language learners' speech. To this end, fifty undergraduate English Language and Literature students, who had enrolled in a "Listening & Speaking" course, participated in this study. Data were collected through a one-group pre-posttest design and semi-structured interviews. Two raters assessed the learners' four oral presentations. The Praat software and one-way repeated measure ANOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that the flipped classroom model could significantly develop students' oral fluency. Meanwhile, the findings of the semi-structured interviews indicated that the students were delighted with this approach. From their perspectives, the cooperation and collaboration between students and teachers were undeniable. They also believed that their self-confidence increased. Correspondingly, the results suggest that the language instructors and stakeholders at any level can benefit from this approach, i.e., flipped classroom model to shift the instruction to a practical learner-centered approach.
۴.

بررسی طولی هوش هیجانی صفتی و اضطراب کلاس زبان خارجی در زبان آموزان ایرانی: مدل سازی منحنی های رشد پنهان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره سیزدهم بهمن و اسفند ۱۴۰۱ شماره ۶ (پیاپی ۷۲) ۶۰۷-۵۷۱
تعداد بازدید : ۱۲۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۰۱
شناخت دوسویه هوش هیجانی و اضطراب کلاس زبان خارجی نیاز به بررسی عمیق تری برای کشف ماهیت گسترش و تعامل پیچیده این دو عامل روان شناختی دارد. در این مطالعه با استفاده از پژوهش طولی به بررسی ماهیت توسعه و تعامل هوش هیجانی صفتی و اضطراب کلاس زبان خارجی در زبان آموزان ایرانی پرداخته ایم. بدین منظور، از روش منحنی های رشد پنهان طولی برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها استفاده شد.جمع آوری داده ها در مدت یک سال از زبان آموزان ایرانی ای که در مؤسسات خصوصی آموزش زبان مشغول به یادگیری زبان انگلیسی بودند، انجام شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که میزان هوش هیجانی زبان آموزان در مدت پژوهش افزایش و میزان اضطراب کلاس زبان خارجی آن ها کاهش یافت. همچنین، در میزان رشد و توسعه دو متغیر تفاوت های بین فردی مشاهده شد. علاوه بر این، رابطه منفی و معناداری بین منحنی های رشد اولیه دو متغیر و شیب منحنی های رشد مشاهده شد. این ارتباط در ابتدا شروع مطالعه کم بود اما با گذشت زمان در طی یک سال این ارتباط قوی تر شد. نتایج و دستاوردهای این پژوهش مورد بحث قرار گرفت.
۵.

Appraisal Resources in Book Reviews: A Study of Cross-Gender Variations(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: English Language Teaching and Learning. No. ۲۸, Fall & Winter ۲۰۲۱ 127 - 146

کلید واژه ها: Appraisal Theory Book Review humanities Gender Native writer

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۳۷ تعداد دانلود : ۱۴۸
Writing a book review is an instance of evaluative academic writing where the writer is involved in an interaction with the author and the reader, evaluates the viewpoints stated in the book and voices his own position and stance in a dialogue with the reader. Working within the framework of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory as an effective tool for studying the essential resources employed in this interaction and evaluation, the present study examined 60 book reviews from the Humanities academic journals written by native male and female writers, and tried to investigate the type and frequency of the three Appraisal categories (Attitude, Engagement, Graduation). The findings indicate that both writer groups made extensive use of these resources in their writings. However, the male book review writers exceeded the female writers in all the three categories. In addition, the Attitude resources were used the most and The Engagement resources were the least employed resources. The implications of the study for teaching writing skills and developing materials and tasks for writing courses at academic levels are mentioned in detail
۶.

بررسی هویّت فرهنگی یادگیرندگان زبان انگلیسی به وسیله داستان های کوتاه: مطالعه موردی دانشجویان ایرانی رشته انگلیسی(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: مطالعات زبان و ترجمه سال پنجاه و چهارم زمستان ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۴ 31 - 61

کلید واژه ها: هویّت یادگیرنده هویت فرهنگی سرمایه گذاری زبانی هویت سازی آموزش فرهنگی

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۲۰ تعداد دانلود : ۱۲۷
مطالعات فراوانی بر اهمّیّت استفاده از ادبیّات در آموزش زبان و فرهنگ تأکید کرده اند. باوجوداین، تعداد مطالعات متمرکز بر اثرات آموزش زبان به وسیله داستان های کوتاه بر هویّت یادگیرندگان انگلیسی محدود است. این تحقیق به بررسی نقش آموزش داستان های کوتاه بر شکل گیری هویّت فرهنگی دانشجویان زبان انگلیسی در ایران می پردازد. هفت داستان کوتاه زبان مادری ترجمه شده و خارجی پیرامون مفاهیم فرهنگیِ وفاداری، عدالت و عشق در کلاس آموزش داده شدند. نمونه های انتخابی، هدفمند، چهار دانشجوی کارشناسی سال سوم رشته انگلیسی دانشگاه یزد بودند. هویّت سازی این نمونه های انتخابی از طریق مصاحبه های روایی، پرسشنامه های باز و مطالعه خاطرات مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پژوهشگران داده های مربوط به خودانگار ه گذشته، حال و آینده یادگیرند گان را جمع آوری و به وسیله تحلیل محتوای کیفی تجزیه وتحلیل کردند. از نظر تغییرات هویّت فرهنگی در این مطالعه می توان مسیر مشخصی را ثبت کرد که از احساس بیگانگی فرهنگی و برتربینی فرهنگ خارجی شروع و به مرحله تکریم هویّت ملّی، پاسداشت تنوّع بین فرهنگی و تمایل به عضویّت کارآمد در جوامع بین المللی می رسد. هم زمان با حرکت به سوی جهانی شدن، شرکت کنندگان تمایل به حفظ هویّت فرهنگی خود نیز نشان دادند. یافته ها همچنین صحّت نظریّات ساخت گرایی اجتماعی در مورد پویایی و چند گانگی هویّت را تأیید کردند. یافته های این تحقیق بر ضرورت تجدیدنظر هوشمندانه محتوای آموزشی استفاده شده در تدریس درس بیان شفاهی، در راستای تحکیم هویّت فرهنگی یادگیرندگان در مسیر متعارف جهانی شدن تأکید می کند.
۷.

Exploring EFL Learners’ Attitudes and Beliefs of Task-Based Language Teaching: The Case of EFL Learners Development of Speaking and Writing Skills

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۶, No. ۳, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 45 - 70

کلید واژه ها: Non-Native Learners Productive Skills speaking skills task-based language teaching Writing skills

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۳۶۲ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۴
Although most EFL learners are equipped with a fair command of general English knowledge, they lack the sufficient proficiency required to communicate their thoughts and ideas fluently and accurately. This study was conducted to explore the impact of task-based language teaching (TBLT) on the development of EFL learners’ productive skills. The participants of this study were 25 undergraduate students majoring in English Language and Literature at a State University who had enrolled in a course entitled “Listening and Speaking (I).” The teaching method utilized for this course included three tasks (listening, writing, and speaking), and each task included three phases (pre-task, whilst-task, and post-task). For the purpose of data analysis, the researcher analyzed students’ four oral presentations and four writing assignments quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, an attitude questionnaire was administered and a semi-structured interview was conducted to elicit the participants’ attitudes regarding (TBLT). The findings revealed that all the students could significantly improve their productive skills. Correspondingly, the results of the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews revealed participants’ positive attitudes regarding (TBLT). Students realized that developing their speaking and writing skills was a complex process, and through practicing, they could overcome their problems and enhance their fluency and accuracy.
۹.

Language Assessment Courses at Iranian State Universities: Are they Comprehensive Enough to Develop Valid Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) among EFL Students?(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. ۲۳, No. ۲, September ۲۰۲۰ 106-145

کلید واژه ها: Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) Assessment/testing knowledge Assessment/testing skills Assessment/testing principles

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۲۱۹ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۵
In the educational setting of Iran, language assessment literacy (LAL) is still an underexplored issue. This paper investigated the development of LAL among EFL students taking language assessment course at state universities in Iran. The three components of LAL (i.e., knowledge, skills, and principles) were the focus of the inquiry. To collect the required data, a questionnaire, encompassing 83 Likert items and a set of open-ended questions, was developed, and responses from 92 course instructors were collected. Teaching and assessment practices of two course instructors were also observed throughout an educational semester. SPSS (26) was used to analyze the data. Findings revealed that these courses mainly focused on knowledge and skills, overlooking the principles of assessment. Adherence to traditional assessment approaches, use of inappropriate teaching materials, and lack of practical works in assessment also characterized the investigated courses. The paper concludes with suggestions to better design language assessment courses to increase the assessment literacy of English graduates who will probably enter the teaching contexts after graduation.
۱۰.

Teacher Language Awareness from the Procedural Perspective: The Case of Novice versus Experienced EFL Teachers(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL) Vol. ۲۱, No. ۱, March ۲۰۱۸ 67-100

کلید واژه ها: Teacher language awareness Procedural dimension Novice EFL teachers Experienced teachers Pedagogical practice

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۵۳۸ تعداد دانلود : ۴۱۲
Despite the abundance of research on ELT teachers, little is known about teacher language awareness (TLA) with focus on its impact on pedagogical practice in the EFL context. To fill this gap, an in-depth study was conducted to examine the procedural dimension of TLA among eight EFL teachers with different teaching experiences (novice versus experienced) related to teaching grammar at Iranian language institutes. Data were collected through non-participant classroom observations and stimulated recall interviews (of at least 7 lessons per teacher) from eight EFL teachers at three private language institutes in Iran. The findings revealed the experienced teachers’ application of TLA in their pedagogical practices in comparison to their novice counterparts. Most importantly, the application of TLA in classrooms was affected by factors, such as context, time constraints, learners’ emotions, and previous experiences as learners and teachers. This study may expand the current understanding of TLA and its impact on grammar teaching and have implications for language teacher education and development.
۱۱.

Classroom Repair Practices and Reflective Conversations: Longitudinal Interactional Changes(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۳۶, Issue ۴, winter ۲۰۱۸ 67 - 101

کلید واژه ها: Conversation analysis the organizational pattern of repair practices Context reflective conversation other-and self-repair interactional awareness

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۸۴ تعداد دانلود : ۴۱۰
For many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers, working contingently with language learners' problematic learner contributions in classroom interaction remains a challenge. Drawing on conversation analysis methodology and using sociocultural and situated learning theories, this longitudinal case study traces the progressional changes in one Iranian English language teacher's repairing practices (his orientation to repairable, repair completion type and trajectory) along with the changing impacts of different organizational patterns of repair and interactional awareness on learning opportunities. The data material consists of video recordings of EFL oral classroom interactions (11 lessons) and reflective conversations (seven sessions) between the researcher and the participant teacher at one private language institute in Iran over a period of six months, in two phases. Qualitative results from the first (descriptive) phase indicated that the teacher's provision of repair in meaning-oriented contexts was generally convergent while in form-oriented ones divergent. The qualitative changes revealed the teacher's increasing attention to lexical errors and use of self-repair types, particularly in form-oriented contexts and the teacher's progress in interactional awareness including identification of contexts and repair organization, use of metalanguage and critical self-evaluation This study makes a contribution to conversation analytic research and our understanding of English teacher professional development.
۱۲.

بررسی تأثیر ارزشیابی پویای تکواژشناسی بر آگاهی صرفی زبان آموزان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: مطالعات زبان و ترجمه سال پنجاهم تابستان ۱۳۹۶ شماره ۲
حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۱۴
ارزشیابی پویا روشی نوین در آموزش زبان است که بر اساس نظریة اجتماعی-فرهنگی ویگوتسکی بنا شده است. در این روش آموزش و ارزیابی زبان آموزان به صورت تعاملی و با ارائة راهنمایی هایی صورت می گیرد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تأثیر ارزشیابی پویا بر آگاهی صرفی زبان آموزان و هدف دیگر پژوهش بررسی ارتباط بین ارزشیابی پویا و غیر پویای آگاهی صرفی بود. بدین منظور، 50 زبان آموز کانون زبان ایران به دو گروه ارزشیابی پویا و غیر پویا تقسیم شدند. آزمون ساختار صرفی به هر دو گروه در مراحل پیش آزمون و پس آزمون ارائه شد. پس از پیش آزمون، معلّم به گروه ارزشیابی پویا بازخورد و راهنمایی لازم بر اساس ارزشیابی پویای آگاهی صرفی ارائه داد و نمرات آن ها را ثبت کرد، در صورتی که در گروه ارزشیابی غیر پویا عملکرد مستقل آن ها مدّ نظر بود. یافته ها نشان داد که ارزشیابی پویا در ارتقای آگاهی صرفی زبان آموزان بسیار مؤثر بوده است. ازسوی دیگر بین آزمون های ارزشیابی پویای آگاهی صرفی با آزمون ساختار صرفی، همبستگی معناداری وجود داشت که حاکی از اعتبار این روش ارزشیابی نوین درحوزة آموزش زبان انگلیسی بود. نتایج این مطالعه از آن جهت که چشم انداز جدیدی از ارزشیابی پویا در حوزة آگاهی صرفی زبان آموزان ارائه می دهد حائز اهمّیت است. تکرار این مطالعه با حجم نمونه بزرگ تر موجه است و ممکن است نتایج تعمیم بیشتری را در حمایت از استفاده از ارزشیابی پویا برای ارزیابی آگاهی صرفی در زمینة زبان انگلیسی در بر داشته باشد.
۱۳.

The Effect of Collaborative Prewriting Discussions on L2 Writing Development and Learners’ Identity Construction(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: زبان شناسی کاربردی دوره هجدهم پاییز و زمستان ۱۳۹۴ شماره ۲

کلید واژه ها: Identity Collective Identity Prewriting discussions Collaborative activities Writing skills Individualistic identity Authoritative identity

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۶۶۵ تعداد دانلود : ۲۸۷
The current study investigated the effect of collaborative prewriting activities on learners’ identity construction and L2 writing development. To this end, 43 sophomore upper-intermediate university students majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at an Iranian university who had enrolled in a course called Advanced Writing were randomly divided into two experimental groups (groups A and B) and one control group (group C). While the students in group A were involved in group activities, the students in group B were engaged in pair activities. The students in control group (group C) worked individually. As a pre-test, a pen-and-paper writing task was given to all the students at the beginning of the semester. During the semester, all the participants were exposed to the same materials and were taught by the same teacher for one semester. The only difference was the type of activities in which the participants were engaged. At the end of one semester, a pen-and-paper writing task was given to all the three groups. The findings of the post-test revealed that all the students could significantly improve their writing skills. Nevertheless, the students in group B significantly outperformed their counterparts. Most importantly, the results of identity analysis showed that the students in group A used authorial plural pronouns along with adjectives more frequently. The findings of this study confirmed two issues: first, the significant efficacy of prewriting activities were confirmed at the end of the semester. Second, each type of prewriting activity could affect the learners’ identity construction
۱۴.

Developing a profile of learning needs of Iranian undergraduate students of English Language and Literature(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies,Vol ۶, No. ۲, ۲۰۱۴

کلید واژه ها: English majors Graduates Instructors Learning needs Undergraduate students

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۷۵۵ تعداد دانلود : ۳۸۰
The current study aimed at investigating the academic learning needs of Iranian undergraduate students of English Language and Literature from the perspective of 320 stakeholders including undergraduate students (n=252), graduates (n=51), English literature instructors (n=7), and language instructors (n=10). To this aim, atriangulation of the most important data collection instruments of needs analysis (i.e., questionnaires, class observations, and semistructured interviews) was adopted for data collection at eight different Iranian state universities. The results of data analysis revealed that the above-mentioned students are not adequately equipped with learning and communication strategies during their academic and preacademic studies. The results of the current study may promise implications for the provision of some extracurricular EFL courses at the tertiary and senior high school levels in order to enhance students’ sociocultural and strategic competence based on the shared decision-making process among different stakeholders in the course design community
۱۵.

Tracking down the Academic Target Needs of Undergraduate Students of English Language and Literature in a Non-Native context

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۳ No.۱ , January ۲۰۱۴ 54 - 73

کلید واژه ها: Instructors Graduates learning-centred approach target needs Undergraduate students

حوزه های تخصصی:
تعداد بازدید : ۴۰۳ تعداد دانلود : ۱۱۵
Based on the learning-centred approach to needs analysis, the current study aimed at investigating the academic target needs of undergraduate students of English Language and Literature in Iran as a non-native context nationwide by employing a triangulation of instrumentations namely, questionnaires, class observations, and semi structured interviews. To this end, 320 stakeholders from eight different Iranian state universities participated in the current study. The results of this study revealed a discrepancy between the target needs of the students and the actual EFL courses they undertake during their academic and pre-academic studies. During pre-academic studies, students are not adequately equipped with critical thinking abilities, study skills, and general English proficiency which are required by their prospective academic needs. Likewise, the prevalent lecture-based teaching methodologies as utilized by Iranian content specialists at the tertiary level, seemed to be ineffective in sufficiently equipping the students with sound literary knowledge as well as professional writing and reading skills. The findings may promise implications for establishing a consistent nationwide pedagogical framework for EFL instruction at the non-native academic and pre-academic levels by a synthesis of different communicative and learning-centered approaches to language teaching based on a systematic cooperation among different stakeholders.
۱۶.

A Corpus Based Study of Adjectives in Literary and Technical Texts

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۲, No. ۱, January ۲۰۱۳ 73 - 88

کلید واژه ها: corpus analysis adjectives literary texts technical texts expository Narrative

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In this study, corpus-based techniques were utilized in order to investigate the quantitative and qualitative features of adjectives across literary and technical texts. The corpus was composed of five literary novels and five engineering academic books in English. Seventy paragraphs were randomly drawn from each corpus and the frequency distribution of adjectives with respect to their position (attributive, predicative) and syntactic functions (descriptive, verbal, numeral, etc.) were tallied and summed. The results revealed that there is a significant difference in the frequency use of adjectives across the two corpora. From a register perspective, the high frequently use of adjectives in technical texts in comparison to literary texts (67.3% and 32.7%, respectively) may be due to the fact that almost all technical texts employ “expository” linguistic features which have a generally “informational purpose”, while most novels employ “narrative’’ linguistic features which have a direct functional association with the communicative purpose of telling a story of events which have occurred in the past. From a genre perspective, academic texts in engineering tend to be highly informational, non-narrative, and characterized by an impersonal style, whereas novels generally share the same primary communicative purpose of narrating a story whose purpose is to entertain.
۱۷.

Objective Assessment of Oral Presentations and EFL Learners’ Speaking Development

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منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۱ No.۱ , January ۲۰۱۲ 23 - 38

کلید واژه ها: Oral presentation Speaking Skill EFL Learners Objective assessment rating scale

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A longitudinal study was planned, and a scale was suggested for assessing EFL learners’ oral presentations. The scale had three major evaluation components: `Preparation’, `Organization’, and `Presentation’. The students were informed about the rating scale against which their performances would be evaluated. Throughout the course each student had five performances on different occasions. The results of the study indicated that: (a) significant improvement was observed in the learners’ performances, (b) ANOVA results indicated that the five performances were significantly different, (c) there were high correlations between each paired performances, and (d) the rating scale was a reliable and consistent measure by means of which the instructor could assess the student’s speaking ability.

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