از فمنیسم تا پسافمینیسم در آثار گلشیری (با نگاهی تحلیلی به گذار تحولی وضعیت زنان از «شازده احتجاب» به «آینه های دردار») (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از راههای انعکاس آرا و افکار مردم و جامعه در هر دوره ای از تاریخ، آثار ادبی است. تحول نگرش مردم به جایگاه زن از دوران مشروطه و در اثر روابط با ملل اروپا آغاز شد. در آغاز این دوره زنان به دلیل آموختن سواد و آگاهی یافتن از برخی حقوق خود، پا به عرصه های اجتماعی گذاشته و به ابراز وجود پرداختند. هوشنگ گلشیری یکی از نویسندگان معاصر ایران است که به فرهنگ مردم و مسائل اجتماعی توجه خاصی نموده است.سیر تحول جایگاه زنان در نگرش مردم را می توان در حرکت تحولی تفکر گلشیری در گذار از رمان «شازده احتجاب» به رمان «آینه های دردار» به وضوح مشاهده کرد. این سیر حرکتی با گفتمان نظری تحول یافته از فمنیسم به پسافمنیسم مثبت اندیش قابل تحلیل است. پسافمنیسم مثبت اندیش یکی ازرویکردهای فمنیسم پسامدرن است که به گونه ای انعطاف پذیرانه به مطالعه زنان می پردازد و خواستار بازنگری و اصلاح جنبش فمنیسم و هدایت آن به سمت مفاهیم هستی – معرفت شناختی است. مقاله حاضر در راستای خوانش این رویکرد انتقادی، آثار گلشیری را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. از حاصل این پژوهش چنین برمی آید که نظر به اهمیت جایگاه فرهنگ مردم در زندگی ایرانیان، گلشیری همگام با ایدئولوژی جامعه خود به شکلی آوانگارد با گذار از فمنیسم به رویکرد پسامدرنی مثبت آن دست یافته است. برای شکافتن موضوع، ابتدا به تبیین مبانی نظری مرتبط پرداخته؛ سپس ضمن نمونه خوانی بخش هایی از رمان ها، با روش تحلیل و توصیف، مؤلفه های پسافمنیستی مثبت اندیش بررسی خواهد شد.From feminism to post-feminism in Golshiri's works (With an analytical look at the transformational transition of the Status of womans from "shahzadeh Ehtejab" to " Ayenehaye Dar Daar ")
Introduction One of the ways to reflect the opinions and thoughts of people and society in any period of history is literary works. Philosophical sociologists such as Lukács, Goldman, Piaget, and Bourdieu believed that artistic creation has a social character and literary productions are influenced by the social field. According to their point of view, when a society faces its history-making events or common discourse, artists and writers are also dissolved in this history and the reflection of this dissolution is reflected in their literary production. The transformation of the Iranian people's attitude towards the position of women started from the constitutional era and as a result of relations with European nations. At the beginning of this period, due to learning literacy and becoming aware of some of their rights, women stepped into social arenas and expressed themselves. This movement peaked in the forties and involved the works of many writers, and since then this development has increased day by day. One of the most important topics of Golshiri's novels and stories is the description and analysis of the position of women in society. The evolution of the status of women in people's attitudes from the 1940s to the 1960s and 1970s can be clearly seen in the evolutionary movement of Gulshiri's thinking in the transition from the novel "Shazde Ehtjab" to the novel "Aenehaye dardaar". Methodology Following the emergence of new theories in literary criticism, discourses corresponding to the criticism and reading of works related to women also appeared. The discourse of feminism and later, the discourse of post-feminism proposed their methods of criticism in the field of women's studies. The critical discourse of post-feminism, in both academic and democratic forms, was able to enter into literary criticism more seriously than other approaches and analyze the status of women in society. This article tries to examine the evolution of Iranian society's ideology about women from the point of view of Houshang Golshiri, according to critical methods related to positivepost-feminism. The investigation and analysis of the subject is done in a descriptive way and with a comparative look at the two novels " Shazde Ehtjab" and " Aenehaye dardaar "; Therefore, while reading samples of texts from two works, the author's intellectual transition from feminist components to positive-thinking post-feminism is explained. Discussion Post-feminism is considered the third wave of feminism, which has emerged with two academic reactions and people's culture, and its general desire is to reform and improve more positive methods that can be used to create transformation in the post-modern era. Positive-thinking academic feminists, who are influenced by French structuralist postmodernists, define gender in the broader context of identity and difference. With an epistemological and completely human attitude, they try to liberate women from the physical monopoly of women against men, to unite them in order to reach a society based on gender justice and relying on the totality of humanity in the system of existence. In fact, their main goal, while realizing the goals of the 1980 movement, is to restore the achievements of feminism for the benefit of human societies.What has put them in a critical position towards feminism is the general desire of women for collective solidarity. As a result, post-feminism can be seen as a type of intellectual maturity of women after awareness, which has reached an approach beyond feminism and its limitations, which is able to explain a general and more humane image of polarized gender. In fact, it is an image of the transsexual world and the world of the evolution of human consciousness, in which, in the case of the union of the sexes, there is no longer any distinction between men and women, and if there is a difference in each of the sexes, by complementing them, goes away. Regarding the reaction of the people's culture, it can be said that this current is the anti-feminist voice of those who were fed up with the extremes of feminism in relation to mocking and humiliating women who worked as mothers at home. And they criticized them. Reproduction of works based on post-feminism and democratic culture mainly send the message that women do not have to endure the limitations of feminism.In any case, the transition from tradition to modernity and turning to the world full of worries and preoccupations of literate women in the industrial world caused a lot of pressure on them; As a result, postfeminism was a movement to modify the status of women. In fact, on the one hand, people's adherence to ideology and on the other hand, the formality of customary-cultural tariffs prevented the continuation of modern feminism's destruction and turning to post-feminist critical attitudes.Hoshang Golshiri, under the influence of "social studies" and his esoteric tendency towards this category, tries to challenge the crisis of modernity in most of his works. It is as if he knows that sharing people's culture in intellectual and academic developments is the only way to get rid of this break and distress. The transition of Houshang Golshiri as an intellectual writer from his famous work "Shazde Ehtejab (1348)" to "Ayenehaye Dardaar (1370)" makes this issue well evident. In these two of his works, he leads an upward journey from the dissociation and distress caused by modernity towards the establishment of a democratic postmodern system, which is undoubtedly caused by social changes and the attitude of the author and contemporary thinkers about women. His era and even the generations after him. Conclusion Discourses are basically a reaction to common structures in social systems. When the structures change, the discourses also change direction. One of the important discourses in the postmodern era, the critical discourse of post-feminism emerged by the third wave feminists and through their intellectual maturity after awareness. This approach flowed in various forms among the theorists of this field. Positive post-feminism approach is one of these forms that changed the attitude towards women both academically and culturally. This approach tries to criticize and revise the previous discourses of feminism in order to reach a path towards the design of women's tea house as a noble human being in the system of existence; Therefore, he talks about the third gender, which is the whole human being beyond gender (male or female) and tries to look at the role of women in the system of existence regardless of any polarized view.Hoshang Golshiri has tried to present the final discourse of women without prejudice in his works to reach a better status and get rid of the discontinuities and confusions caused by modernity. Due to his special awareness and attention to people's thoughts and lifestyles, as well as to collect the disturbed mind caused by modernity, he proposes the desire of women in accordance with the criteria of human ideology. Therefore, it seems By transitioning from " Shazde Ehtjab" to " Aenehaye dardaar ", in an avant-garde way, he is in agreement with the post-feminist attitude and searches for the position of women in a human position