بن مایه ها و تناظر های مشترک در منظومه «حُسینا و دلارام» و نمایش نامه «اُتِللو» (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
واکاوی و کشف رابطه متون ادبی و هنری جهان در آینه تطبیق، می تواند لذت حاصل از مطالعه و خوانش این آثار را دو چندان کند. در این بین، منظومه غنایی- نمایشی حُسینا و دلارام، سروده شاعری به نام حُسینا، و نمایش نامه غنایی- تراژیک اُتِللو، اثر ویلیام شکسپیر با مضمون عاشقانه عشق دو دلداده با وجود تفاوت در ژانر ادبی و خاستگاه فرهنگی، شباهت های متعددی دارند. از این رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر، کشف وجوه شباهت و تطبیقِ دو اثر ادبی و هنری از ادبیات فارسی و انگلیسی است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر رویکرد تطبیقی مکتب آمریکایی است که به مقایسه شباهت ها و تفاوت های این آثار می پردازد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که در هر دو اثر، روابط و مناسبات شخصیت ها، بن مایه های تقابلی عشق عشاق و حسادت رقیب، ساختار خطی روایت، تناظر های دوگانه شخصیت های اصلی و بن مایه شک و بدگمانی عشاق نسبت به معشوق، مشابه است. از دیگر یافته های پژوهش اینکه خالقِ هر دو اثر با خلق شخصیت های موازی دِزدمونا و دلارام و توصیف عشق پایدار آنان، پاکدامنی را به عنوان ارزش والای زن به مخاطب گوشزد و حسد و بدگمانی را نکوهش کرده اند. وجه افتراق این دو اثر در این است که اُتِللو به دلیل شک و بدگمانی نسبت به معشوق در مرحله احساس باقی می ماند و مرگ معشوقه را با دست خود رقم می زند، اما حُسینا با گُذار از مرحله احساس به وادی عقل پای می گذارد و به وصال معشوق دست می یابد.Common Themes and Correspondences in the Poem "Hussina and Delaram" and the Play Othello
Examining and uncovering the correlation between literary and creative writings from all over the world can enhance the enjoyment of studying these works. Despite the differences in literary genre and cultural origin, the poem "Hussina and Delaram" by the poet Hussina and the play Othello by William Shakespeare share many parallels. Both works explore the theme of romantic love between two lovers using a lyric-dramatic system in the case of "Hussina and Delaram" and a lyric-tragic system in the case of Othello . As a result, the present study aims to investigate the elements of resemblance and adjustment between two literary and creative pieces from Persian and English literature. We employ a descriptive-analytical study method, specifically using a comparative framework from the American school. The research findings indicate that both works share similarities in terms of the characters' relationships, the contrasting themes of love and jealousy between lovers and rivals, the linear structure of the narrative, the dual correspondences of the main characters, and the themes of the lovers' suspicion towards their beloved. Another finding of the study is that the authors of both works, via the creation of similar and corresponding characters of Desdemona and Delaram and the portrayal of their enduring love, emphasized the importance of female chastity as the utmost virtue and denounced feelings of envy. The distinction between these two works lies in the fact that Othello remains in a state of emotional turmoil as a result of his distrust towards his lover, ultimately leading him to cause her death with his own hand. In contrast, Hussina, by transitioning from the realm of emotions to the realm of rationality, manages to establish a profound relationship with his beloved. Introduction Within the realm of artistic and literary creations, encompassing poetry, narratives, dramas, visual art, and music, one can discern intricate interrelationships. Comparative literature research establishes intertextual connections through the identification of parallels between literary and creative texts. Comparative study enhances intercultural interactions between nations and facilitates the understanding and introduction of artistic and literary trends. The forthcoming study aims to identify the commonalities and adapt two literary and creative works from different cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, taking into account Henry Remak's perspective and recognizing the intertextual connections between them. William Shakespeare's play Othello is renowned for its passionate and tragic elements. It has achieved great popularity in theatrical groups and has served as inspiration for other opera works and literary adaptations. Hussina and Delaram employ a narrative-dramatic method that enacts rural poetry performances and romantic storytelling in various manners across numerous villages in Iran. The central motif of these two pieces revolves around the affection shared between two individuals who encounter obstacles as a result of the machinations of adversaries or individuals in their vicinity. Both compositions encapsulate a blend of affection, uncertainty, and jealousy. The shared features, parallel character relationships, and identical linear narrative structure in these two literary and creative works have facilitated a dual capacity for their interpretation and adaptation. Literature Review The following outline summarizes the conducted studies in the realm of researched works: In his book "One Hundred Persian Romance Poems," Zulfiqari (2014) provides an analysis of romance poetry and specifically discusses the Hussina and Delaram poem, offering a synopsis of its content. In his 2016 study titled "Analysis of the Folk Tale of Hussina and Delaram," Jalili Jashanabadi examines this poem using Grimas' theory. Furthermore, researchers have conducted numerous and diverse studies on the play Othello. Included in the group are: Britton (2011) examines the metamorphosis and shift in Othello's affection for Desdemona in his study titled "Othello's Turn: Transformative Romances." Altman (2010) conducted a thorough examination of Othello's self-centeredness and distinctiveness in his book, The Improbability of Othello. In his book "Speaking of the Moroccan African," Bartels (2008) thoroughly analyzes Othello's personality traits from several perspectives. In his book "Shakespeare's Tragedy: A Discussion of Hamlet and Othello," Bradley (2007) examines the personality traits of the key characters in Shakespeare's tragedies. In his study titled "Othello and Other Stocks: Denial of Knowledge in the Seven Plays of Shakespeare, "Cavell (2003) examines the theme of hierarchy in Shakespeare's works. In his study "Truly, an Obedient Lady: Desdemona, Emilia, and Obedience in Othello," Deats (2002) scrutinizes Desdemona and Emilia as models of loyalty and devotion to their husbands. None of the aforementioned studies have addressed the parallels and comparative capacities of these two masterpieces. Methodology This research aims to elucidate the artistic approach of two creators in their depiction of love, as well as the effectiveness with which they portray the themes of doubt and envy in different cultural contexts. The study employs a descriptive-analytical method to identify common themes and dual correspondences among the characters. This study draws its methodology from the American comparative school, employing an inductive approach that progresses from specific observations to broader generalizations. Discussion Hussina and Delaram's lyrical-dramatic system, as well as Othello's play, share distinct similarities in terms of dual correspondences, character types and actions, narrative plot, linear narrative framework, and thematic elements. One of the similarities between these two works is the alignment of two or more characters and their corresponding dramatic acts. These two pieces depict confrontation, conflict, and competition among characters striving to achieve a particular objective. Shakespeare's play portrays a complex love triangle with Rodrigo, Desdemona, and Othello. Similarly, Hussina's system presents a challenging love triangle involving Gary, Delaram, and Hussina. Both stories skillfully weave together themes of love, jealousy, and conflict. The resemblance between Hussina and Othello lies in their shared attributes, including eloquence, bravery, and diplomacy in handling matters, as well as their association with rulers, infatuation with and attraction to aristocrats or nobles from affluent backgrounds, and their sense of inferiority towards their beloved. Various aspects of Delaram and Desdemona's characters bear similarities. Firstly, both characters belong to the aristocracy. Furthermore, they both develop infatuation with their lovers after hearing their characteristics. Furthermore, both face opposition from their fathers and relatives regarding their marriage. Moreover, they both exhibit loyalty and commitment to true love. Lastly, both characters demonstrate patience and chastity. These shared characteristics contribute to the correspondence and homogeneity between Delaram and Desdemona. There are a pair of characters. Another shared characteristic in the two works is the correspondence and homogeneity between Gary's two characters in Hussina and Delaram systems, when compared to Rodrigo and Iago as the hero's rivals. Furthermore, a comparison of the two researched works reveals numerous commonalities in their underlying concepts. The themes of love, jealousy, distrust, and unfounded defamation of the lover are some of the most significant elements present in both works. Conclusion An analysis and comparison of the narrative-dramatic structure of Hussina and Delaram, as well as the play Othello , reveals that these two literary and artistic works are based on shared universal human archetypes. The comparison of the two works reveals that they both revolve around common themes such as love, jealousy, and doubt. The absence of doubt in these works is what captivates the audience and contributes to the two artists' artistic brilliance, ultimately leading to their glorious conclusions. The fundamental theme conveyed by these two artistic and literary works, through the depiction of comparable characters in the form of Hussina and Othello, is the need to prioritize reason and logic above emotions. From a sociological perspective, the current research has identified envy and suspicion as negative traits in both civilizations. The author of both works aims to highlight the elevated status of women's love and chastity in society by establishing similar and corresponding characters, Desdemona and Delaram, and portraying them as pure, honest, stable, and compassionate. The chaste ladies demonstrate unwavering loyalty to their partners, driven by pure love. This analysis concludes that we can only understand the true nature of this Persian literary classic as a theatrical production through the lens of adaptation. The present-tense language used by Hussina and Delaram in Othello and Desdemona is remarkably similar to the present-tense language used by Othello and Desdemona in Hussina and Delaram.