تبیین مفهوم تربیت اجتماعی در دوران کودکی از منظر رویکرد اسلامی عمل (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تبیین مفهوم تربیت اجتماعی در دوران کودکی بر پایه نظریه ی اسلامی عمل است. در راستای دستیابی به این هدف از روش مفهوم پردازی (بسط مفهومی) استفاده شده است. ابتدا مناقشات مطرح در تربیت اجتماعی دوران کودکی، پیش روی نظریه اسلامی عمل قرار داده شد و موضع این نظریه نسبت به این مناقشات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پس از جایابی این نظریه در پیوستار مناقشات تربیت اجتماعی دوران کودکی، مشخص شد این نظریه در قالب دو گزاره ی «هویت دو چهره ای» و «رشد تعاملی» پیش فرض های لازم برای ورود به بحث تربیت اجتماعی و مفهوم پردازی پیرامون آن را دارد. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که مفهوم تربیت اجتماعی در این نظریه از جامعه و فرد فراتر می رود و مفهوم والاتری را مدنظر قرار می دهد و با محوریت «حق» شکل می گیرد. از این رو می توان تعریف تربیت اجتماعی در دوران کودکی از منظر این رویکرد را، ایجاد زمینه هایی برای «تعامل حق مدار» کودک عنوان کرد. از سویی در مفهوم تربیت اجتماعی کودک می توان بر «جامعه یاری» کودک تأکید کرد. همچنین ملاحظاتی از قبیل تعامل «هم تراز» با همسالان، «تعامل ناهم تراز» با بزرگ سالان، برداشت از گذشته و آینده به تناسب «نقش آفرینی اجتماعی» و «معناداری کنونی»، رابطه متوالی کودک با تمامی لایه های اجتماعی، بهره از روش های «الگوپردازی»، «محبت اولیه بلاشرط، محبت ثانویه سامان مند، انضباط منعطف» و «الزام گفتگویی» در تربیت اجتماعی و «عقلانیت اجماعی» به عنوان معیار عمل اجتماعی؛ در راستای دستیابی به مفهوم تربیت اجتماعی دوران کودکی توسط این نظریه به دست آمده اندThe Explanation of the social education concept in childhood based on the Islamic theory of action
The aim of this paper is explaining the social education concept in childhood based on the Islamic theory of action. For this purpose, the concept development method is used. Therefore, the prevalent controversies in childhood social education are faced with the Islamic theory of action, and the position of this theory in these controversies is reviewed. After delineating the position of this theory in the continuum of these controversies, it is revealed that this theory according to two statements “two-face identity” and “interactional development “, has the necessary premises to enter the social education discussion and conceptualization about it. The result of this paper showed that the concept of social education in this theory surpasses the society and the individual and is related to a higher concept and formed regarding to centrality of "right and truth". In this case, the definition of social education in childhood in this theory is preparing a situation for the child to have "right-based interaction". On the other hand, in this definition, we can emphasize the social accompaniment of a child. Considerations as a symmetrical interaction with peers, asymmetrical interaction with adults, interpretation of the past and future about “social role creation” and “ current meaningfulness”, a child's relation with all social layers, using the “modeling” methods, “Primary unconditioned kindness, secondary structured kindness, flexible discipline and dialogical necessity in social education and consensus rationality are the social action criteria which are gained in reaching to a social education concept in childhood based on the Islamic theory of action.Keywords: social education, childhood, Islamic theory of action SynopsisIn addition to moving in the individual orbit, a human being is a social being who is affected by the interactions with others and his identity is constructed in his social life (Bagheri, 2010a). Regarding the importance of the social dimension of human life, some intellectuals call humans human because of their sociality. Considering this truth, the educational system should concentrate on social education and prepare a program for the social education of the children. So, some social scientists hold that the aim of education is children's socialization.On the other hand, childhood is a special period of human life that has special properties. Any program for social education in this period should regard these properties. In this paper, we attempted to explain social education in the childhood period based on the Islamic theory of action as a philosophical foundation. This theory considers society as a context in which the agency of persons will emerge.In this paper, regarding the challenges of social education, we will try to formulate them as dichotomies are located in continuums and identify our positions on each continuum. The first dichotomy shows different views about assumptions of social education. While the first position defines human beings as atomic individuals, the second thesis identifies them as social creatures who are interrelated with each other. For example, Richard Rorty (1989) holds that during childhood we should concentrate on social aspects of children’s identities. Oppositely, Rousseau (2011) holds that the child is not an active member of society and he (she) should be free and detached from society. Regarding the Islamic view of action and its view of human beings, we can find various components. While some components like Fetra and Kerama differentiate a person from his (her) society (Bagheri, 2020), other components like social aspects of rationality connect his (her) to his (her) society. So, we can assume two dimensions for a person’s identity.Also, while some intellectuals consider human development as individualistic growth, others regard it as a social one. Bases upon Islamic view of action. We can assume two sides for human development. Then, one can say that some aspects of human development are related to society and interrelationships and the other aspects are independent from his (her) social interactions.The second dichotomy is related to social education aims. Whereas some philosophers identify social education as socialization, others explain it as struggling with society. Moreover, some intellectuals define it as rule-following and in contrast, others hold that it can be rule-establishing.Regarding the interactions of the child with the social environment, we can trace some opposite threads again. While some educators emphasize the interactions with peers, others underline interactions with adults. In addition, some educators are inclined to revivalism, others prefer futurism; and whereas some educators emphasize local identity, others underline world civic. Considering methods of social education, we can regard internal obligation versus external obligation, discipline versus affection, and independence versus imitation. Moreover, while some intellectuals consider individual rationality as a criterion of social action, others hold that there are no criteria for social action. Conclusion: After locating the Islamic theory of action on the continuum of conflicts of social education in childhood, social education can be explained as follows in a summary:This theory has two presuppositions necessary to enter social education, i.e. "collective identity", and "social environmental growth" in the form of two propositions: "two-faced identity", and "interactive growth". Therefore, this theory can conceptualize social education.The concept of social education in this theory goes beyond society and individual dichotomy and considers a concept higher than these two and that concept is formed with the center of "truth". This means that society and social relations by themselves have no value and originality, and what is determined here, is truth. Therefore, the definition of social education in childhood can be the creating grounds for the child's true-oriented interactions. In other words, grounds must be created so that all the child's interactions with society become subject to truth.Also, in the concept of social education of the child, from the perspective of this approach, it is possible to emphasize the child's "helping society". Helping society means that the child should be recognized as an active member of society. To participate and accompany in the affairs of the society and to think about criticism and reformation of the society in small cases. It means that his (her) macro view is positive and aligned with the society and his (her) micro view is critical towards some minor parts of the society. Of course, all these activities and goals should flow around the main center of the concept of social education, which is truth.The considerations that need to be taken into account to reach this concept are as follows: the child's interaction with his (her) peers should be "symmetric" and "asymmetric" with adults. The perception of the past and the future should follow the child's social role-playing and current meaning. The child's relationship with all social layers should be established sequentially. On the other hand, in social education methods, "modeling", "unconditional primary love, organized secondary love, flexible discipline", and "conversational obligation" should be used. "Consensual rationality" should also be considered as a measure of social action.
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