مشترکات مضامین اشعار داراشکوه با آموزه های قرآنی و روایی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
محمد داراشکوه یکی از عجایب هند، دارای شخصیتی کم نظیر در جهان و از دانشمندترین شاهزادگان دوره تیموری بوده است که از طریق تألیف و ترجمه کتاب های بسیاری، تلاش گسترده ای برای وحدت و تقریب مفاهیم عرفان اسلامی و هندو انجام داد. آنچه موجب حیات جاوید و بقای نام داراشکوه شده، نوشته های ادبی و عرفانی اوست. یکی از آثار وی، دیوان اشعار فارسی او به نام اکسیر اعظم، مشتمل بر ۲۱۶ غزل و ۱۴۸ رباعی است. در این پژوهش به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و با بررسی کلیه شعرهای دیوان او مشخص شد که اشعار او فاقد تغزلات زمینی است و بیش از هر چیز، مضامین عرفانی و آسمانی را دربرداشته است و در عرفان نیز بیشتر نظریه وحدت وجود در آن به چشم می خورد. همچنین گلچینی از دیوان اشعار او که مشتمل بر تمامی موضوعات مذکور در سروده های اوست، برگزیده و در سه دسته «اعتقادات (توحید و صفات الهی؛ نبوت)»، «عبادت و سیر و سلوک» و «مواعظ و اخلاق» طبقه بندی و بررسی شد. نتیجه آنکه، مضمون اکثر اشعار او همسو با آموزه های قرآن و حدیث است و همگرایی منویات او با معارف اسلامی کاملاً قابل مشاهده است. البته در مواردی نیز به اشعار وی نقدهایی وارد می شود.The commonalities of the themes of Dara Shokoh poems with Quranic and Narrative teachings
Mohammad Dara Shokoh is one of the wonders of India and has a unique personality in the world. What has led to the eternal life and survival of Dara Shokoh is his literary and mystical writings. One of his works, his collection of poems called The Great Elixir, consists of 216 lyric poems and 148 quatrains. In this study, by examining all the poems of his poetry court, it was found that his poems have no earthly lyricism and, above all, contain mystical and heavenly themes, in mysticism, too, the theory of the unity of existence can be seen in it. Also, about 55 selected verses from his poetry collection, the themes of which had more in common with Quranic teachings and narration, were selected and classified into the following three categories: "Beliefs (monotheism and divine attributes; prophecy)", "Worship and conduct" and "Sermons and Ethics" then brief points were presented under each title. As a result, the content of most of his poems is in line with the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith, and the convergence of his menus with Islamic teachings is quite visible, and of course in some cases his poems are criticized.
Introduction
In the literary texts of the two ancient cultures of Iran and India, many writers have turned to composing poems with moral and mystical themes, the themes of which have many commonalities and indicate a single source of water and a rich source. The study of the moral heritage of Islamic sources reveals the fact that writers, by promoting moral themes, have taken their beliefs from Islamic texts and adapted their poems to these themes. This correlation is clearly seen in the literary guarantees and allusions of their poems. Muhammad Dara Shikoh, one of the wonders of India, has a unique personality in the world and was one of the most learned princes of the Timurid period, who made a great effort to unite and approximate the concepts of Islamic and Hindu mysticism by writing and translating many books. What has led to the eternal life and survival of Dara Shikoh is his literary and mystical writings. One of his works is his collection of Persian poems called Elixir Azam, consisting of 216 lyric poems and 148 quatrains. He has done a thorough study of Persian literature and has a deep acquaintance with ancient Persian poetry. Evidence of this statement is that the poems of ancient poets such as Sanai, Nezami and Attar can be found in abundance in his poems. Khosravi, Khaghani, Saadi, Hafez, Iraqi, Roman, Abu Saeed, etc. have influenced him. His special attachment was to mystical poetry. (Dara Shikoh, 1364: 40) Since showing the commonalities of the two lands of Iran and India and their convergence in the field of mystical and spiritual issues, has a significant effect on the unity and rapprochement of religions and the formation of hearts and can lead to the promotion and application of more enlightened teachings of Islam and the essence of the content of Dara Shikoh poems is also mystical and religious content, It is necessary to make the degree of closeness and commonality of the content of Dara Shikoh poems with verses and hadiths, which are the two pillars of Islamic sources, and this research also pursues the same goal. In this article, the common points of Mohammad Dara Shikoh's poems with Quranic teachings and narration are represented and, in this regard, the prominent questions of the research are:
1- What are the themes and themes of Dara Shikoh poems?
2- What is the thinking of most of Dara Shikoh's poems and what is the most comprehensive subject in his poems?
3- What is the commonality of the themes of Dara Shikoh poems with the teachings of Quran and Hadith?
1.1. Detailed Research Method
For this research, first all the poems of Dara Shikoh Divan were studied and then with the approach of extracting and showing the commonalities of the meanings of his poems with the themes of Islamic sources including Quranic teachings and narration by descriptive-analytical method, all the poems of his Divan were studied. 43 verses selected from his collection of poems in a way that includes all its subjects are classified and measured in three categories: "beliefs (monotheism and divine attributes; prophecy)", "worship and conduct" and "sermons and ethics" with the Qur'an and Hadiths were placed.
Discussion
Beliefs (monotheism and divine attributes; prophecy)
God is everywhere
The most important theme in Dara Shikoh's poems is related to monotheism and divine attributes. For example, he refers to the presence of God everywhere and that we are all in the presence of God as follows:
Everywhere (you turn), there is the face of God in front of you, so why do you ignore the truth? (lyric13)
In several of his poems, such as the above poem, Dara Shikoh has used the technique of guaranteeing, especially guaranteeing the Qur'an, which shows his knowledge of Qur'anic verses. In the above poem, the Qur'anic phrase "the face of God" is a Qur'anic guarantee and is appropriate to the following verse:
And to Allah belong the East and The West] thus the whole directions of the universe [; so, wherever you, turn your faces, there is The Presence of Allah. Verily, Allah is The Knowing Space-Expander (Al-Baqarah: 115)
The permanent living of the prophets and saints
Death is forbidden for the saints of God, because it is narrated in the hadith that they do not die. (Lyric 106)
The above poem carries the message that the saints of God do not die in fact, which has a direct hint and reference to this prophetic hadith: The divine prophets (who are the supreme saints of God) do not die, but are transferred from one house to another. (Majlisi, 1403 AH, J 6: 207)
Worship and conduct
Inability to give thanks to God
The grace that he (God) bestowed on this worthless servant of his, cannot be thanked by tongues. (lyric7)
The content of the above poem is similar to this prayer of Imam Zayn al-Abidin (AS) in the prayers of the thankful about the inability to give thanks and praise to God for the greatness of His blessings: O, Allah! My gratitude for the greatness of your blessings is small...And the abundance of your gifts made me helpless to count the praise...So your blessings are abundant (in such a way that) my tongue is incapable of counting them... (Majlisi, 1403 AH, J 91: 146)
Sermons and ethics
The condemnation of greed
All these calamities arise from greed, and the more greed you have in the world, the more your suffering will be. (Quartet 90)
In this poem, one of the moral vices, namely greed, is mentioned and it is considered as a reason for increasing hardship. In religious narrations, greed is also stated as a reason for deprivation of comfort, which results in creating hardship for the greedy person. Imam Sadegh (AS) said: Greedy is deprived of two qualities and as a result two qualities will always be with him: he is deprived of contentment and as a result he has lost comfort (he suffers), he is deprived of being satisfied and as a result, he has lost certainty. (Majlisi, 1403 AH, J 70: 161)
Conclusion
1- Dara Shikoh poems have various subjects and they can be considered as five parts: beliefs (monotheism and divine attributes; prophecy); Worship and conduct; Sermons and ethics; Praise people; Praise some places.
2- The study of Dara Shikoh Divan shows that most of his poems are based on Sufi thought, especially the unity of existence, and they contain the spirit of Sufism (according to Qaderi method). His poetic feelings are mostly enlightened and reach the highest level of unity, and the most pervasive subject of his poems is the issue of divine monotheism.
3- By comparing the themes of about 43 verses of Dara Shikoh poems with the Holy Quran and narrations in this article, it was concluded that the content of most of his poems is in line with the teachings of the Quran and Hadith, although some of his poems are also criticized.
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تبلیغات
