بررسی علل افزایش داد و ستد اسلحه در مناطق مرزی ایران و هند از 1285 تا 1305 هجری شمسی و نقش دولت های بیگانه در آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از پدیده های رایج در مناطق مرزی ایران و هند، قاچاق اسلحه بوده که نقش تأثیرگذاری در تحولات اجتماعی و مسائل امنیتی این مناطق داشته است. با نگاهی به منابع تاریخی می توان به این مسئله پی برد که تقریباً از 1285 تا 1305 هجری شمسی، قاچاق اسلحه در این مناطق افزایش چشمگیری یافته است. با توجه به این مسئله در تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از روش تحقیق توصیفی و با استفاده از اسناد و مطالعات تاریخی موجود در این زمینه به بررسی علل این پدیده پرداخته شده و نقش عوامل داخلی و خارجی مورد کنکاش قرار گرفته است. براین اساس پرسش تحقیق حاضر این است که روند داد و ستد اسلحه در مناطق مرزی ایران و هند چگونه بوده و دلایل افزایش آن در این مقطع زمانی چه بوده است. به نظر می رسد مناطقی مانند سیستان و بلوچستان در چارچوب منافع انگلستان و کشورهای رقیبش در کانون رقابت ها قرار داشتند. این تحولات باعث شد موضوع داشتن سلاح گرم و داد و ستد و حتی قاچاق اسلحه در مناطق مرزی ایران و هند به دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی اش به مقوله ای پراهمیت تبدیل شود.Investigating the causes of the increase in arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India from 1285 to 1305 AH and the role of foreign governments in it
One of the common phenomena in the border areas of Iran and India is arms smuggling, which has played an influential role in social developments and security issues in these areas. Looking at historical sources, we can see that from about 1285 to 1305 AH, arms smuggling in these areas has increased significantly. Due to this issue, in the present study, using descriptive research method and using existing documents and historical studies in this field, the causes of this phenomenon have been investigated and the role of internal and external factors has been investigated. Accordingly, the question of the present study is what has been the trend of arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India and the reasons for its increase in this period? In this regard, we can first point out that having firearms is a serious need in the traditional system of Sistan and Baluchestan, which has been exacerbated by the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution, World War I and the security situation in the region. With the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, Britain sought to prevent Marxist teachings from infiltrating other countries. Accordingly, regions such as Sistan and Baluchestan were at the center of the competition in the interests of Britain and its rival countries. These developments made the issue of firearms and trade and even arms smuggling in the border areas of Iran and India become an important issue due to its geographical location.
Keywords: arms smuggling, Sistan and Baluchestan, Afghans, Baloch, Britain
Introduction
The aim of the present study is to use the method of documentary research and by referring to the relevant documents in this field to investigate why and how the arms trade flourished in eastern Iran in the mentioned period and explore the internal factors resulting from the political, cultural, social and economic contexts in the eastern regions as well as the factors affected by foreign political events that have been influential in the arms trade process in the Sistan and Baluchestan border region and the Indian subcontinent. As mentioned, in order to study this issue, we should pay attention to the internal causes and factors involved in this matter, as well as to external causes and factors, especially the role of colonial powers such as Britain and Russia, and of course we should not forget that the combination of Domestic and foreign causes, and in particular the role that governments such as Britain, Russia, and to some extent Germany have played in fostering the arms trade in these areas, deserve to be examined. it seems that in this particular period of time, colonial and aggressor governments have played a major role in the political and social developments in different parts of the world, and in the Middle East, including Iran, given that each of these governments, its affiliated groups They had created and played a key role in arms exchanges in the border areas of Iran and India by equipping and inciting these groups to strike at rivals and secure their interests. Therefore, according to these issues, the questions for which the present study seeks to find an answer are as follows: What are the reasons for the increase in arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India from 1285 to 1305 AH and what was the role of foreign governments in this regard?
1.1. Research Method
According to the subject studied in this article, the factors of arms trade in the border areas of Iran and India have been studied and the process of this type of trade in the period from 1285 to 1305 AH has been studied. It seems that the best research method in this research is documentary and historical study method. Documentary research is a research based on evidence taken from the study of documents (Majdfar, 2003: 276). It can be said that the method of documentary research is used in almost all scientific researches and especially in historical researches, considering that such researches are related to past periods and the researcher does not have direct access to the people and events of that period. There is no choice but reference to authentic documents, books and writings related to that period or historical event. Accordingly, considering that in the documentary research method, the researcher collects his research data about actors, social events and phenomena from sources and documents (Sadeghi Fasaei and Erfan Manesh, 2015: 63), in this research Also, which is a historical research and direct access to the phenomenon under study is not possible, the best research method is the method of documentary research and referring to the documents and writings that exist on this issue.
Discussion
Arms trade peaked in eastern Iran at the same time as World War I. In the past, the British imported weapons to Balochistan to cause unrest. The fact was that the presence of the McMahon delegation, the smuggling of arms and ammunition to Sistan under the guise of McMahon's goods, the strengthening of the Indian military in Quetta, and the gathering of military intelligence from Sistan to occupy that state, if necessary, took place. (Ra'is Tusi, 1385: 152). But arming the tribes of these areas was not in Britain's interest. During the war, some of these tribes became active under German influence to expel the British. Some of the factors influencing the anti-British movements of some Baluch tribes were: 1. extraordinary development of arms smuggling and its huge profits. 2. The anti-British spirit that existed among a number of tribal leaders. Some tribal chiefs, including Khalil Khan Gomshadzehi, Jihand Khan Yarahmadzai, and Juma Khan Ismailzai (Shahbakhsh), were hostile to the British and fought (Dayer, 1999: 39). 3. With the entry of the Ottomans into the war as one of Germany's allied states, the Baluchis were influenced by them because of their religious affiliation with the Ottoman Caliphate. Especially since it was rumored that Wilhelm II, the German emperor, converted to Islam (Bast, 1998: 84). The goal of the Germans during the First World War in Iran was to use their small forces to provide a situation to capture more forces of their enemies in Iran and thus prevent the deployment of troops to the European front. To achieve this goal, creating unrest in Iran, Afghanistan and India was their most important plan. Under such circumstances, the Germans increased their dominance over these areas by recruiting native forces and concluding agreements with some local tribal chiefs. For example, contacts were made between the mourners (Zug Meyer) and the Baloch leaders, including Bahram Khan Bampuri (Barkazai) (ibid: 116), and the Balochistan group was formed under the leadership of the mourners. The British formed the forces known as the "Eastern Belt of Iran" in July 1915 to confront the Germans and control the eastern borders of Iran (Ebrahimi, 2016: 104). In March 1916, these forces became the British force stationed in Sistan under the command of General Kirk Patrick. Their task was to prevent the movement of German agents and to prevent the entry of weapons and ammunition into Afghanistan and India. In addition to these forces, they also created a British force based in Balochistan (ibid: 106).
Conclusion
In the field of internal reasons for the increase in arms trade in the period from 1285 to 1305 AH it can be pointed out that with the constitutional event and subsequent events, the use of weapons expanded in different parts of Iran. The eastern regions were more intense and had a different nature. In other areas, the presence of nomadic tribes and the inability of the government to establish security were the main factors in the spread of the use of weapons, but in the eastern regions of the country, including Sistan and Baluchestan, Khorasan and Kerman, despite the lack of nomadic tribes, the use of weapons flourished. In fact, having firearms was an essential need in the traditional system of Sistan and Baluchestan, which was compounded by domestic and foreign conditions. But the outbreak of the Constitutional Revolution, World War I, and the conditions in the region intensified the desire to acquire weapons. This led to a boom in the arms trade in Sistan and Baluchestan. Because firearms had many customers and profits inside and outside the borders of Iran (Afghanistan and India). This caused concern and reaction in Britain. As the fire of war flared up, Britain took steps to maintain its interests and dominance over India and to counter the threats of hostile states. The sensitivity of this was so great for Britain that in order to prevent arson on the Indian border, they inevitably took extensive measures, including the formation of the eastern belt of Iran, the establishment of the southern police and the establishment of a military base in Sistan and Baluchestan.
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