بازنماییِ کارکرد اجتماعیِ عزاداریِ امام حسین (ع) در معماری حسینیه های ایران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کالبد هر اثر معماری متأثّر از روحی است که شرایط طبیعی، اجتماعی، سیاسی و ... بدان می دمد. لذا در یک زمان واحد در جوامع مختلف شاهد ویژگی های کالبدی متفاوت برای بناهایی با کارکرد یکسان هستیم. بررسی میزان و چگونگی تأثیر هر یک از این عوامل می تواند منجر به درک بهتر از علل شکل گیریِ گونه خاصی از بنا، ویژگیهای خاص و وقوع تحولات فرمی و کارکردی در آن شود. حسینیه ها به عنوان گونه ای از فضای جمعی برای برگزاری آیین عزاداریِ امام حسین و سیر تحولات کالبدیِ آنها در ایران موضوع اصلیِ این مقاله قرار گرفته اند. در این راستا تلاش شده تا به این پرسش اصلی پاسخ داده شود که تاثیر کارکرد اجتماعی-سیاسیِ آیین عزاداریِ امام حسین در ایران، در تحولات کالبدی-فضاییِ مکان های برگزاریِ این آیین به خصوص در شهرهای مرکزی ایران (اقلیم گرم و خشک) چیست؟ این مقاله رویکردی کیفی دارد که فنِّ گردآوریِ داده های آن بررسیِ اسناد و مشاهده است. پژوهش از نظر شیوه تحلیل داده ها نیز یک پژوهش تاریخی محسوب می شود. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد همانطور که کارکرد اجتماعیِ آیین عزاداریِ امام حسین در ایران از آغاز تا پایان حکومت قاجار در چهار مرحله، دچار تحولاتی بنیادین شده ، مکان برگزاری این مراسم و کالبد معمارانه آن نیز تحت تاثیر کارکرد اجتماعیِ مراسم، دچار تحولاتی اساسی گشته است.Representation of the social function of Imam Hossein's mourning in the architecture of Hosseiniyehs in Iran
The form of each architectural building is influenced by the natural, social, historical, political, and other conditions of its circumstance. For this reason, at the same time, in different societies, we can see different physical characteristics for buildings with the same function. Examining the extent and manner of the effects of each of these factors can lead us to a better understanding of the causes of the formation of a certain type of building, its special features and the occurrence of formal and functional changes in it. In the literature of Iranian architectural history, the course of physical development of Hosseiniyehs and Takayas and the factors that were affecting these developments, have not been studied much. Therefore, Hosseiniyehs as a type of collective space for holding the mourning ceremony of Imam Hossein and the course of their physical transformations in Iran are the main subject of this article. In this article, by adopting a functionalist approach to religious rituals, the social processes that have led to the emergence of the unique phenomenon of Iran's architecture in the Islamic era, namely Hosseiniyeh have been investigated. In this regard, an attempt has been made to answer the main question that what is the effect of the social and political function of Imam Hossein's mourning ritual in Iran on the physical-spatial changes of the places where this ritual is held, especially in the central part of Iran? This article adopts a qualitative approach and its data collection technique is through literature review and observation. In the theoretical part, the data has been gathered through the study of library sources and in the building analyzing part, this study uses observation techniques and the study of primary and secondary sources. The research is also considered a historical research in terms of data analysis. The research findings show that the social function of Imam Hossein's mourning ritual in Iran has undergone fundamental changes from the beginning to the end of the Qajar rule in four main stages. Like those transformation stages, the places for holding this ceremony and their architectural-spatial character also experienced fundamental changes under the influence of the social function of the ceremony. In the first step, these developments have led to the formation of a dedicated space on a local scale for holding this ritual. In the next steps and in coherence with the changes in the social role of Imam Hossein's mourning, the architecture of Hosseiniyehs also experienced changes. These changes were especially in the result of increasing the dramatic and theatrical aspect of the funeral ceremony (Taziye). The formal transformation of Hosseiniyeh’s buildings could be mentioned as 1. increasing the splendor and beauty of building, 2. Exceeding in the number of supporting spaces such as kitchen, sheltered prayer hall and so on, 3. Using different type of decorations and 4. the separation of different social classes from each other.
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