معانی و کاربرد حروف اضافه و ربط در نفثه المصدور (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
یکی از مفاهیم اساسی در معنی شناسی، حروف اضافه و ربط است که از دیرباز در متون فارسی کاربرد فراوان داشته اند و در معانی مختلف به کار رفته اند. آشنایی با معانی این حروف و کاربردهای متعدد آن ها، نقش مهمی در رسایی و شیوایی متون کهن فارسی دارد. در نفثه المصدور حروف اضافه و ربط به شکل گسترده ای به کار رفته است که در برخی موارد کارکردهای متفاوتی دارند. دسته ای از آن ها فقط حرف اضافه اند، گروهی دیگر حرف ربط اند، تعدادی نیز در کاربردهای گوناگون به عنوان حروف اضافه و ربط، صفت، قید و پیشوند فعل به کار رفته اند که با توجه به بافت و معنای جمله کاربرد آن ها مشخص می شود. مقاله حاضر با روش توصیفی– تحلیلی به بررسی مفاهیم و معانی گوناگون این حروف می پردازد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش مؤید آن است که این حروف، دارای شبکه معنایی چندگانه اند. حروف «از»، «به»، «تا» و... همچنین کاربرد حروف اضافه ساده و حروف ربط ساده بسیار گسترده تر بوده است و حروف اضافه مرکب و ربط به صورت محدود به کار رفته است. فراوانی نسبی حروف اضافه ساده 51 درصد از کل متن را به خود اختصاص داده است. حرف ربط ساده «به» از بیشترین بسامد برخوردار است که 256 بار تکرار شده است. انجام این کار، برخی مشکلات در فهم آن را برطرف خواهد کرد.Meanings and Use of Prepositions and Conjunctions in Nafsat al-Masdur
One of the basic concepts in semantics is prepositions and conjunctions, and due to stylistic differences in the texts of different periods, they have undergone many changes and have been used with different meanings. Familiarity with the meanings of these letters and their various uses has an important role in the accessibility and eloquence of ancient Persian texts. Prepositions and conjunctions are widely used, which in some cases have different functions. Some of them are just prepositions, another group is conjunctions, some of them have been used in various uses as prepositions and adjectives, adverbs and prefixes of verbs, which are determined by the context and meaning of the sentence. The present article examines the various concepts and meanings of these letters using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this study confirm that these letters have multiple semantic networks. Including the letters "Az", ba", "ta", ... Also, the use of simple prepositions and simple conjunctions has been much more widespread in this text, and compound and conjunctive prepositions have been used to a limited extent. The relative frequency of simple suffixes accounts for 51% of the total text. The simple conjunction "to" has the highest frequency, repeated 256 times. Doing so will solve some of the problems in understanding it.
Keywords: Nafsat al-Masdur, Infinitive, Grammar, Letters, Prepositions, Conjunctions
Introduction
In the Persian language, the prepositions and conjunctions are the remnants of the dependent letters in the Pahlavi and ancient Persian languages, which have undergone fundamental changes and transformations since then. The matter that is raised about the letters is about not having independence in their meaning. Knowing the meaning of prepositions and conjunctions because of their decisive role in induction is of great importance. They also play an essential role in facilitating the understanding of the concepts of ancient texts. Some of these letters have been used artistically and with high frequency in Nafsat al-Masdur. In this article, while enumerating prepositions and conjunctions and determining their types and uses, more attention is paid to the content and meaning of the work, so that it helps in removing the obstacles in the understanding of the text.
* Research Question(s)
1- Which letters have a higher frequency than the others in Nafsat al-Masdur?
2- How to use simple and compound suffixes?
3- How are conjunctions used in this work?
Literature Review
The meanings of prepositions and conjunctions are mentioned in Khayampour's grammar book (1372),
Anvari-Givi (1374), Mohammad Javad Shariat (1371), and Khatib Rahbar (1367). And all these grammars, more or less or with little abbreviated or detailed meanings, have considered similar functions for prepositions and conjunctions. Some of the other researches that have been done in this matter are:
Dehghan and Parvini (2018) in an article entitled "Multiple Meanings of Conjunctions in Persian Language", the article investigated the multiple meanings of two conjunctions of the same base as "but" and "veli".
Zahedi and Mohammadi (2013) in the article "The semantic network of Persian suffixes "az" in the framework of semantics", the suffix "az" is classified into different clusters and the position of each is shown.
Mohand (2009) in her research entitled "Investigation of the meanings of the spatial suffixes of speech culture based on semantics" has shown how cognitive semantics can give a different view to record the meanings of these letters.
With the conducted investigations, it was found that no independent research has been done on the specific approach to this issue.
Methodology
The present research is based on a descriptive and analytical method and is based on a library study so the theoretical foundations of the research were extracted and categorized and analyzed in Nafsat al-Masdur.
Results
The semantic description of prepositions and conjunctions in Nafsat al-Masdur is as follows:
Simple suffixes have been used the most in Nafsat al-Masdur.
Compound letters have the lowest frequency in this text, although compound letters are more diverse than simple letters, and their number increases over time. But in this text, this variety is not very significant.
Simple conjunctions like simple adverbs have many and varied uses in this work. The letter "wow" has the highest frequency among all letters. The relative conjunction "ke" has the lowest relative frequency.
The compound conjunction "agatcheh" is repeated 16 times and its frequency is about 30.
* All prepositions and conjunctions
Among all the letters used in this text, simple suffixes are repeated 874 times and include about 51%, and simple conjunctions are 745 times and 44%. Compound suffixes and conjunctions are more frequent than other letters. They have a lower relative share and account for 3% and 2%, respectively.
Discussion
Conjunctions and prepositions have differences and similarities. What they have in common is that both are used to relate words. But their difference is that the relationship that the conjunction establishes between the words is a relationship of equality, while the relationship created by the preposition is in the form of dependence. Prepositions and conjunctions are the surviving letters of dependence in Pahlavi and ancient Persian languages, which have undergone fundamental changes and transformations so far. These letters were used more in the Middle and Dari periods, and several aspects of each were included in the texts, and usually, their meanings were explained according to the noun and the next word. Prepositions, like verbs and nouns, are among the main influential categories in the syntactic structure of the sentence, and unlike restrictions and attributes, they do not have a secondary use. Important information about these letters: they do not have semantic independence, but they are effective in completing the meaning, and knowing the meanings of prepositions and conjunctions because of their decisive role in induction is of great importance. They also play an essential role in facilitating the understanding of the concepts of ancient texts. Some of these letters are used artistically and with high frequency in Nafsat al-Masdur, the repetition of some of these letters creates a kind of music and strengthens the poetic character of the work.
Conclusion
The prepositions used in Nafsat al-Masdur are: "Az, b, Bar, Ta, Chon, Ra, Ba, and Manand", The same prepositions that are common today, but in this book, they have more meanings, which are mentioned in detail in the text of the article. The frequency of the additional letter "Be" is higher than other prepositions and it has been repeated 256 times. The frequency of compound additional letters is less than the rest of the letters and only the letter "barhasbe" has been repeated 9 times.
Conjunctions, like prepositions, have many uses in this book, and they are "ke, waw, chon, ta, cha, lican, agar, pas, ham, amma, baz, vala, bari". Among the conjunctions, the letter "Waw" has a high frequency. The lowest frequency includes the conjunctions "Bari, Vala" and each is mentioned once.
Compound conjunctions are found in Nafsat al-Masdur and the letter "agarcha" is repeated 16 times. But the frequency of the letters "bazinhame, angahke, azanjake" is lower than the rest of the compound conjunctions.
Discrete groups of prepositions (double prepositions) that are formed from two prepositions, one at the beginning of the noun and one after it, are either absent or rare in this book, while such combinations were used in the 7th century.
In total, the percentage of letters that make up Nafsat al-Masdur is 51% prepositions, 44% conjunctions, 3% compound letters, and 2% conjunctions.
تبلیغات
