فراز و فرود سیاست مذهبی حکام عادل شاهی بیجاپور دکن در قبال مذهب تشیع (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
گسترش اندیشه های شیعی و حتی تأسیس حکومت های شیعه مذهب در مناطق مختلف هند، ازجمله دکن، همزمان با اوج گیری اندیشه های شیعی و تأسیس حکومت شیعه مذهب صفوی در ایران بوده است. در این میان، یوسف عادل شاه که در سال 895 هجری، حکومت عادل شاهیان را تأسیس کرد، در سال 908 هجری، بنا به تمایلات شخصی و نیز تحت تأثیر نفوذ گروه های شیعی (آفاقی ها)، مذهب شیعه را در بیجاپور رسمیت بخشید که اکثر جانشینان وی نیز سیاست مذهبی او را در پیش گرفتند. از آنجا که بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر سیاست مذهبی حاکمان عادل شاهی به عنوان نخستین حکومت شیعی و تبیین فراز و فرود سیاست های مذهبی آن ها از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است، در این پژوهش که به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی صورت گرفته، به این پرسش اساسی پاسخ داده شده که حکام عادل شاهی بیجاپور دکن در قبال مذهب تشیع چه سیاست هایی اتخاذ کردند؟ درحقیقت اکثر حکام عادل شاهی، سیاست حمایت از مذهب شیعه را در پیش گرفتند و تعداد اندکی نیز تحت تأثیر مسائل داخلی و خارجی سعی کردند از مذهب اهل سنت حمایت کنند.Rise and Fall of Religious Politics of Adelshahi Bijapoor Deccan rules towards shiite sect
The spread of Shiite thoughts and even the establishment of Shiite religious governments in various parts of India, including Deccan, coincided with the culmination of Shiite thought and the establishment of the Safavid Shiite government in Iran. Meanwhile, Yusuf Adel Shah, who established the Adel Shahiyan government in 895 A.H, acknowledged the Shiite religion in 908 AH, due to his personal inclinations towards Shiism and the influence of Shiite groups (Afaghis) in Bijapour that most of his successors also pursued his religious policies. In fact, it is important to examine the factors influencing the religious policy of the Adel Shahi rulers as the first Shiite government and to explain the ups and downs of their religious policies. Therefore, in this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, this question has been answered that what policies did the Adel Shahi rulers of Bijapur Deccan adopt towards the Shiite religion? It seems that most of the Adel Shahi rulers have adopted a policy of supporting the Shiite religion, and some of them have tried to support the Sunni religion under the influence of domestic and foreign issues. Introduction The spread of the Shiite religion and the formation of Shiite states in Iran and the Indian subcontinent in the tenth and eleventh centuries AH, are among the issues that have attracted the attention of many scholars, especially Shiite scholars. The rule of the Adilshahis was established by Yusuf Adelshah (d. 916 AH) in Bijapur, Deccan. He was a disciple of Sheikh Haidar (d. 893 AH), the father of Shah Ismail Safavid (d. 930 AH), emigrated from Iran to India and held high positions in the court of the Bahmanian government due to his merit.With the weakness and collapse of the Bahmani government (933-748 AH) and the division of their territory, Yusuf Adel Shah declared independence in Bijapur and declared the Shiite religion as the official religion of his government, and he established the first Shiite government in the south of the Indian subcontinent. The Adelshahi dynasty ruled for about 200 years and nine members of this dynasty came to the throne. The beginning of the reign of Adelshahi is in the year 895 AH / 1489 AD and its end is in the year 1097 AH / 1686 AD (Navai, 1360: 182). Most of Yusuf's successors supported and promoted his religious policy of Shi'ism, but some, with the support of the Sunnis, opposed Shi'ism, which placed restrictions on Iranian culture and even Persian as the official language which gave its place to the Hindu language. Since the study of the factors affecting the religious policy of the rulers of Adelshahi as the first Shiite government and explaining the ups and downs of their religious policies is of particular importance, this study attempts to answer these questions: What was the religious policy of the just rulers? What were the influential factors in the ups and downs of the religious policy of the just rulers? 3- What were the effects and consequences of the religious policy of the righteous? Research methodology This type of research is one of the historical studies that has been done by descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. In descriptive discussions, citing the main and reliable sources, information about the righteous kings has been collected and in the analytical section, referring to new researches and studies, the effective factors in the rise and fall of the religious policy of the Adelshahi rulers and its consequences. have been analyzed and explained. Discussion The Bahmani dynasty, founded in 748 AH in Deccan by Aladdin Hassan, underwent a fundamental change with the presence of Iranian, Turkish and Arab immigrants. Aladdin, who considered him "from the descendants of Bahman, son of Esfandiar, and in this respect that class was called Bahmani" (Al-Husseini, 1379: 299), To upgrade the army, strengthen the competitive force and regulate administrative organizations and judicial organizations were found in neighboring areas resorted to became neighboring areas. Hence, thousands of Iranians, Turks and Arabs went to his court. In fact, the tendency towards the Shiite religion was to a greater extent influenced by the presence of Iranians who migrated to Deccan during this period and lived in the government of the Bahmanian realm. One of those who played a key role in the spread of Shiism was Mir Fazlullah Ibn Faizullah Hosseini Inju Shirazi (d. 822 AH). He was one of the high-ranking Sadats of Shiraz and one of the students of Saad al-Din Taftazani And played an important role in the Sultan's attention to Sadat and Shiites and therefore the migration of Shiites and Sadat to Deccan increased during this period (Masoumi, 1389: 164). In addition to Mir Fazlullah, Emad al-Din Mahmoud Gilani (d. 886 AH) is also an Iranian politician and businessman who has played a significant role in the spread of Iranian culture and Shiism in that country. He went to the court of Homayoun Shah and the Shah "put the settlement of the affairs and the receipt and expansion of the republic in the palm of his attention" (Al-Husseini, 1379: 308). During the presidency of Khajeh Mahmoud Gavan Gilani, the Bahmani dynasty gained power and glory (Karami, 1373: 21), but with his assassination by Mohammad Shah, as he had predicted, the destruction of Mohammad Shah's property and notoriety was achieved (Hindushah, 2009)., vol. 2: 459). Three months after the assassination of Khajeh Emad al-Din, Mohammad Shah died and the quarrels and conflicts and conspiracies in the court intensified (Tatavi and Qazvini, 2003, vol. 8: 5585). Nobles and princes who favored Khajeh opposed. Yusuf Adelshah, who was the adopted son and niece of Khajeh Emad al-Din (Hallister, 1373: 126), declared independence in the state of Bijapur and at the first opportunity, recognized the Shiite religion in his territory. Most of the kings of the Adelshahi dynasty supported and defended Shiism, but some opposed Shiism by supporting the Sunni religion. Hence, the rulers of Adelshahi can be divided into two groups, the supporters of the Shiite religion and its opponents. In the policy line of Adelshahian religious policy, in addition to the personality and belief factor that was formed under the influence of their educational and family environment, external and supra-regional factors on the one hand and internal factors on the other hand were influential. The two supra-regional powers, the Safavid Shiites and the Sunni Babris, played a key role in the rise and fall of the religious policies of the Adelshahi rulers. Among these, the role of Safavids in the early periods of the rule of the Adelshahi kings is more prominent; And the role of the Babrians becomes more prominent after dominating their own internal situation and that of their external enemies; When the Safavid kings' support for the rulers of Adelshahi diminished and the Baburis began to think about expanding their territory from northern India to its south, the Deccan. The political and religious rivalry between the Afaqiyya and the Deccan continued throughout the reign of the Adel Shahi rulers, and each group sought to influence the Adel Shahi's religious policy in order to maintain its political and economic position, and by accompanying them to benefit from its political and economic benefits. Conclusion Shiite ideas and beliefs peaked in the Indian subcontinent in the ninth to eleventh centuries AH, leading to the formation of Shiite governments in the Deccan.The Adelshahis were the first Shiite government in the region to recognize the Shiite religion in 908 AH. With the exception of three of the nine Adelshahi rulers, the rest sought to support Shi'ism and pave the way for its expansion into southern India.In addition to their personal and educational characteristics, they were influenced by external and internal factors within the realm of their own rule. Close relations with the powerful Safavid kings and the domination of neighboring Sunni local governments were among the factors that encourage the majority of the Adelshahi rulers to adopt a policy of protection of the Shiite religion.Also, the support of local ethnic and religious movements, such as the support of the Afaqis, has not been ineffective in adopting such a practice. 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