نحوه و علل گسترش تشیع در هند (از قرن هفتم تا دهم هجری قمری) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
به درستی نمی توان تاریخ اولیه ورود شیعیان به هند را تعیین کرد، اما ریشه های تاریخی گسترش تشیع در هند را باید مهاجرت برخی از ایرانیان دانست. این مهاجرت ها قبل از حملات مغولان به ایران نیز وجود داشت، اما بعد از آن به دلیل مشکلات به وجودآمده در ایران، گسترش بیشتری پیدا کرد. پس از حملات مغولان به ایران و تا پایان فرمانروایی حکومت مغولان کبیر در هند، حکومت های شیعی مختلفی همچون قطب شاهیان، نظام شاهیان، بهمنیان و عادل شاهیان در هند تشکیل شد. علمای مهاجر ایرانی، هم در تشکیل این حکومت ها و هم در اداره مسائل نظامی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و بین المللی آن ها نقش بارزی ایفا کردند. همچنین مهاجران ایرانی در کنار فعالیت های سیاسی و حکومتی، در فعالیت های فرهنگی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی جامعه، مثل هدایت و همراهی کردن مردم در زمان ها و مسائل مختلف نقش پررنگی از خود نشان دادند. سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که تشیع از چه زمانی و به چه شیوه هایی توانسته در میان هندیان نفوذ یابد؟ و سؤال دیگر این پژوهش این است که چه سازوکارهایی و از سوی کدام طیف ها در این امر مؤثر بوده است؟ همچنین بررسی علل و نحوه گسترش تشیع در هند و نیز عملکرد مهاجران ایرانی در زمینه های مختلف فرهنگی، اداری، سیاسی، نظامی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی در حکومت های شیعی تشکیل شده در هند، موضوع این تحقیق است که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی ارائه می شود.The Ways and Means of Shiism Spread in India from 13-16th Century
Although it is not possible correctly to determine the date of the initial entry of Shiites into India, but the historical roots of the expansion of Shiism in India should be considered as the migration of some Iranians. Although these migrations existed before the Mongol invasion of Iran, they increased further after the Mongol invasion due to problems in Iran. After the Mongol invasion, different Shiite governments, such as dynasties of qutbShahis, the NizamShahis, Bahmanis and adilShahis, were formed in India. Iranian emigrant scholars played an important role in forming these governments and in the economic, cultural and international military arena. Also, along with political and governmental activities, they played a role in socio-economic and cultural activities of the community as well as the guidance of the people. The main issue of this study is to examine the performance of Iranian immigrants in the economic and social administrative, political, and social scale of the Shiite regimes in India. Also, we have tried to study spread of Shiism in India and the causes of turning Indian governments into Shiism. Introduction India is a vast land that has been neighboring Iran from a distant past, and has had various connections between two nations and geography in various historical periods. Although the influence of Islam on India was different from Iran, it did in any way increase the mutual unity of the two nations and expose the Indians to a culture and civilization that was largely Iranian. The fact that Iranians have played a direct role in the spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent, is directly and indirectly a historical fact, and everyone acknowledges it. But has not been much attention on the spread of Shi'ism in India. Although it is not possible to accurately determine the date of the initial entry of Shiites into India, because this group was usually a minority and resorting to Taqiyah to avoid restrictions on Sunni governments and escape from insecurity, they turned themselves to be Muslims It was not Shi'a, but the historical roots of the expansion of Shi'ism in India begins with the migration of many Iranians. These migrations also existed before the Mongol invasion, but after the Mongol invasion, due to the problems that had arisen in Iran it expanded rapidly. After the Mongol attacks in Iran, and until the end of the reign of the Great Mongol Empire in India, various Shiite governments, such as the Qotbshahids, the Nezamshahis, Bahmanis, and Adelshahis, were formed in India, and the Iranian scholars such as Fazlullah Injou, Khwaja Mahmoud Gavan, Mir Mohammad Astarabadi and Seyed Ali Hamedani played a significant role in forming and managing the military, economic, cultural and international issues of these governments. The study of the performance of Iranian immigrants in the fields of cultural, administrative, political, military, economic and social affairs in the Shiite rule formed in India, such as Bahmaniyan, Qotbshahians, Nezamshahians and Adelshahians, is the main issue of this research. Research methodology In the present paper, a descriptive analysis method is used. Using the first-hand resources related to the time of the relevant research, as well as some secondary research that can be used to explain the causes of this research interest. Thus, generally speaking, historical sources related to the history of cultural and social interactions, while taking a look at the political and macro-political history, are used to determine the causes of the arrival and expansion of Shi'ism in the Indian subcontinent. Discussion The expansion of Shi'ism in India is one of the most striking issues in the country due to the plurality and diversity of religions in the country. The main issue of the present research is how and when the Shi'ism has been able to influence the Indian way of life. In other words, what mechanisms and which spectra has been effective in this issue? It seems that the role of Iranians and groups like scholars, as well as businessmen and merchants in this field has been more prominent than others. Conclusion The Indian subcontinent is one of the largest subcontinents in the world, located in South Asia, surrounded by the waters of the Indian Ocean from three sides. The Himalayan Mountain range is located in the north of the land, which has separated the area from Asia from its central and northern parts. Crossing this natural dam is possible only through a few natural gorges. Because of its natural characteristics and natural wealth as well as climate diversity, this land has always been of interest to various migrants, and throughout history various human groups have come to this land and settled in it, and created civilizations. During its several thousand years history, India has always had a peaceful relationship with its neighboring countries. Among the neighbors in India, Iran has a special situation, because Iran is considered the western gate of India, and there are also many cultural and racial similarities between the two countries. The same factors have led to the closeness and solidarity of the people of these two regions to each other. Above all, India is a land where various religions and religions have become prevalent, and many of these religions have entered the land from outside. Interestingly, many of these religions come to India by Iranians and Iran. Religions such as Zoroastrian, Manichaean, Christian and Jewish, and later Islam and the Shi'a religion have entered India from this land. Islamic religion and its various branches, including Shi'ism, have entered by Iranians to the land of India, and in fact, Islam and the Shi'i religion were taught in Persian in the Indian language.There is no ambiguity about the arrival of Islam to India since the second half of the seventh century AD, but it is not possible to accurately determine the time of the arrival of Shi'ism in India. Perhaps the historical origins of the expansion of Shi'ism in India are the migration of many Iranians to this land. One of the factors of the expansion and authority of religion in each land is the emergence of the governments that chose that religion as an official religion, especially if these governments were rising from the people's point of view, Shi'ism was no exception to this rule, and one of its expansion factors It should be considered in the presence of Shiite or Shiite rulers. From the seventeenth century to the end of the rule of the Indian Timurids, in the Indian subcontinent, and especially on the Deccan plate, several Shi'a governments were created, such as Bahmnians, Nezamshahis, Adelshahids and Qotbshahis were among these governments. These regimes witch the founders of some of them were iranian origin, with the presence of the great scholars of Iran in the expansion of Shi'ism in India, and in particular, Deccan had an effective role. Another remarkable thing in the Indian community is that the Sunni from in the beginning was a kind of Shiite sunni. 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