واکاوی نقش استعمار انگلیس در هند و جدایی بلوچستان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در قرن نوزدهم میلادی، رقابت دول اروپایی در شبه قاره هند کانون تحولاتی شد که سرنوشت مناطق شرقی فلات ایران را دگرگون کرد. رقابت فرانسه و روسیه با انگلیس و تلاش در دستیابی بر هندوستان انگلیسی ها را برآن داشت تا با اتخاذ سیاست ایجاد دولت های حایل و تجزیه و جداسازی مناطقی از ایران و افغانستان کنترل بلوچستان را به دست گیرد. دولت مرکزی ایران سعی داشت تا با گسترش نفوذ در بلوچستان، قدرت تضعیف شده خود را بازیابی و تحکیم بخشد. این امر مانعی در تحقق اهداف انگلیس بود. هدف این مقاله بررسی تاریخ تحولات سیاسی و اجتماعی مرزهای جنوب شرقی ایران و بازشناسی نقش راهبردهای انگلیس در هند و جدایی بلوچستان در عصر قاجار است. روش پژوهش بر مبنای روش تحقیق تاریخی و به شیوه اسنادی و کتابخانه ای است. این بررسی نشان می دهد اهداف و سیاست های انگلیس و رقبای اروپایی آن در قرن نوزدهم در شرق ایران، دستیابی به منابع غنی و منافع خود در شبه قاره استراتژیک هند و افزایش نفوذ در منطقه بوده است و تضعیف دولت ایران، تقسیم قوم بلوچ با تجزیه و جداسازی بلوچستان، ترسیم مرزهای ساختگی خاوری و ایجاد هویت کاذب ازجمله سیاست های منطقه ای انگلیس بوده است. این پژوهش به دنبال چیستی نقش استعمار انگلیس در هندوستان و تجزیه بلوچستان است.Av Analysis the Role of British Colonialism in India and the Separation of Baluchistan
In the nineteenth century, the European governments competed in the Indian subcontinent, the developments were wonders. The center of developments that transformed the fate of the eastern regions of the Iranian plateau. The French-Russian competition with Britain and the attempt to reach India led the British to take control of Baluchistan by adopting a policy of forming governments and segregating areas of Iran and Afghanistan. The central Iranian government sought to restore and consolidate its weakened power by expanding its influence in Baluchistan, which was an obstacle to the achievement of British objectives. The purpose of this article is to examine the history of political and social developments in the southeastern Iranian border and to study the role of Engels's strategies in India and the separation of Baluchistan in the Qajar era. The method of research is based on the method of historical research and in the form of documents and libraries. This study shows that British and European competitors ' goals and policies have been preserved in the east of Iran in the eastern Iranian region, and its rich resources and interests are in India's strategic subcontinent and increased influence in the area. Introduction 19th century developments in continental Europe expanded the competitiveness of European countries to other continents, especially Asia and in the nineteenth century, during which they competed for control of the Indian subcontinent due to the economic and geopolitical importance of its adjacent territories including Baluchistan as access points. India was of particular importance. The British, who had been able to cut off their rivals from India, decided to form a safe zone (so-called security belt) on the southwestern border of India, and from this time on British colonial policy in eastern Iran and Baluchistan started. At the beginning of the Qajar era, due to India's economic and strategic importance, European governments' competition for rich and abundant resources in this region was dwarfed in Asia, and Iran was unwittingly placed in the east of these governments The British settlement in India and the expansion of Russia and France, the most important colonial rivals to Britain, opened a new chapter in Iranian-Indian relations and made the Indian subcontinent the main focus of Iranian-European relations for decades. In the era of Nasser al-Din Shah the, the Russians gradually began to gain influence in Central Asia and the East. central government increased its dominance and expansion of influence in Baluchistan and the eastern borders of Iran. These moves led Britain to set a frontier to prevent Iran from advancing. The British took every step to achieve their goals and implemented various plans, but due to the poor performance of the Qajar government against strong British diplomacy, it was the British who eventually were able to separate an important part of Baluchistan as a defensive shield of India from Iran. This study seeks to answer the question of what were the regional goals and policies of England and its European rivals in eastern Iran in the 19th century? Research methodology The research method is based on historical, documentary and library methods and Based on the information collected, the events of the nineteenth century AD and the role of Britain in the separation of Baluchistan have been analyzed and evaluated Discussion Baluchistan is a region located in the southeastern part of the Iranian plateau, which extends from the Kerman desert in the east Bamoo Mountains to the western border of Sindh and Punjab and India. The history of British-Iranian business and political relations goes back to the Safavid period before the 19th century. The development of British in Eastern policy with the establishment of East India Company in 31 December 1600 AD /1008-9 AH in order to be officially initiated by Queen Elizabeth I. The British over the years 1021 to 1024 AH/ 1612 to 1615 AD defeated competitors in the West Bank of India, and upon arrival in the Persian Gulf, a new front was formed against Portugal and Spain in the region. Shah Abbas with the British acceptance the proposal of the first commercial diplomatic mission of Iran, sent twenty-four men to the head of Antoine and Hussein Ali BeygBayat to the European Court at 1599AD. The two important board's mission was to establish political relations with European countries and close the alliance with them against Ottoman, another marketing for a very high-quality silk trade of the Shah of Iran the trip was an introduction to the development of Iran's political relations and after a while, they came to Iran by the governments of Austria, Russia, Spain and the court of pop. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the meeting of Napoleon with the Tsar Paul I, addressing the plan of a bilateral attack via the Black Sea, and the Volga River and the Caspian Sea and Iran to India. The British were taking steps to prevent the Russian threats, including the conclusion of several agreements with Iran. One of those agreements was the political agreement that Sir John Malcolm, who came to Iran in the 1800 s, signed with the Iranian government. Time to sign this contract, that Russia has not yet invaded Iran, and the main issue of English was predicted by the east and the Persian Gulf and southern and south-east ports, the potential offensive of the French and the prevention of the Afghan invasion of India. In this British-born contract, nearly all of their military and political demands in connection with the borders of India came. About one year after the conclusion of the first contract of Sir John Malcolm with Iran, an incident occurred, which had important impacts on the world and Iran, and that was the sudden and mysterious murder of the first Russian tsar in the 23rd March 1801, which took place in the hands of the British operatives. This was to be ruled by the joint strike map of Napoleon and the Tsar Paul I to attack India and to kill the British. So, their agreements with Iran also lost their importance, With the commencement of the Nasser al-Din Shah's reign and the central government's attention to Baluchistan, commanders and rulers of the region, voluntary announced their obedience to the central government (Trooper: 2006, 112). And this is why Amir Kabir the chancellor of Iran, at that time, gave a special importance to Baluchistan and for his awareness, was also aware of the British policies in Iran. Conclusion Developments in the European continent in the 19th century shifted the scope of European competition to other continents, especially Asia. In the stream of European competition for domination of India, its adjacent land was found to be a special importance as a bus to access the land. Baluchistan was among these areas. The British, who were able to shorten their rivals’ hands in India, decided to form a security belt for the protection of India's borders, the region in the south-west enters, and from this time the UK warplanes in the east of Iran and Baluchistan began. In the period of Nasser al-Din Shah, the central government enhanced dominance and expansion of its influence in Baluchistan and eastern Iran. These movements led to the British border to prevent Iran from advancing. After pulling the telegraphic lines, Britain was requesting the master of the Iranian government in Baluchistan, but faced with opposition of the Iranian government. the British were planning to design a new map. They first sought to isolate the Herat and thought that Herat's surrender to him was a puppet country and a protectorate of Aga Khan in Afghanistan that was not possible and eventually built another metho was the dynamics of the Paris contract of Herat from Iran. The southeast borders of Iran, including Baluchistan, were the areas that could be dangerous for the British. The importance of boundaries of East and south east of Iran can be separated into three distinct periods. First, it is important that the eastern boundaries of Iran were found during the reign and kingdom of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar and it was due to its proximity to France and the existence of political and military relations with that country. The second period, after the wars of Iran and Russia, and the victories of Russians, their influence in Iran and the Qajar court increased and gradually, due to their progressive policy in Central and East Asia, they raised serious concern for the British. The third period is the period after the decomposition of Baluchistan, which began with British conflicts with Baloch tribes in two sides of political boundaries, and by concluding a contract of 1907 and the division of Iran and the entry and activity of the Germans intensified and the eastern boundaries of particular importance. These incidents resulted in involvement and the emergence of major damages in Baluchistan and southeast of Iran and the central government was not very effective during the period due to various reasons under passive conditions. References 1-Atomajor, Kostenko. (2004). <em>Description of Central Asia and the diffusionof Russian Civilization in It</em>, translated by Gholamhossein Zargarinejad. Tehran: Institute for Research and Development of Humanities. 2-Bast, Oliver. (1998). <em>The Germans in Iran: A Look at Iran's Developments in World War I based on French Diplomatic Sources</em>, translated by Hossein Bani Ahmad. Tehran: Shirazeh. 3-Dyer, Reginald. 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