Panel Data

Sustainability consists of fulfilling the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations, while ensuring a balance between economic growth, environmental care and social well-being. Sustainability includes three environmental, economic and social dimensions; whose environmental dimension has a decisive weight in sustainability. Many empirical sustainability-related researches have been carried out in the 2000s and 2010s, and the empirical model used in these studies was based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Also, the two concepts of human development and sustainability have been widely used in development literature in the past years, and humans have been considered as an important factor in the development of different societies in various studies. Composite index of human development includes various dimensions that can affect sustainability and especially environmental sustainability. Also, the influence of large oil revenues in the oil-owning and exporting countries on human development in these countries has played a prominent role, and has categorized the countries into three groups: oil-producing countries with high human development, oil-producing countries with medium human development, and oil-producing countries with low human development. This study has used the panel data method and the Kuznets function in the period of 2010-2019 to investigate the effect of the human development index in 35 major oil exporting countries in the world. According to the result of model estimation by econometric method, environmental sustainability in these countries increases with the increase in the human development index (HDI).

The ultimate goal of investments in stock markets is to earn a satisfactory return on investment, but this is difficult to achieve without enough information to predict stock returns. Information asymmetry refers to a situation where some investors have access to private information that is not reflected in the prices and is yet to be revealed to others. Information asymmetry as a market failure can lead to adverse effects such as poor investor decisions, increased corporate investment risk, and finally reduced stock returns. The issue is important in capital market of developing countries particularly due to the incomplete voluntary disclosure of information as well as its low quality and defective regulatory system. Therefore, in this study, effect of information asymmetry on stock returns has been investigated in a select group of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The analysis of this relationship was conducted dynamically for the short-term and long-term using Westerlund and Dumitrescu-Hurlin tests and Generalized Method of Moments to achieve articulated results. Using the tests is suitable with cross-sectional dependence of variables and error terms. Also, using the method is appropriate for measuring lagged effect of dependent variable and removing the bias caused by the endogeneity of explanatory variables. The Results demonstrate a significant relationship between information asymmetry and stock return dynamically in short- and long-run. The results show that there is a negative systemic effect of information asymmetry on stock return. Also, debt to asset, profit to sales, firm size and lagged stock return effects are significant.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES : Families are formed as a result of marriages between women and men who love each other and are bound by a very strong contract, namely marriage. On the other hand, Divorce occurs because there is no agreement in solving problems in the household between husband and wife. Based on this, the question is, how does the level of education and quality of life of the community influence the family divorce rate? METHOD AND FINDING : This research is a quantitative panel data regression study, which is a combination of cross-action data from 9 districts/cities in Jambi Province and time series data from 2018-2021. The findings of the analysis show that the best model used to explain the effect of education and the Human Development Index (HDI) on family divorce rates in Jambi province is the Common Effect. CONCLUSION : Based on this model, the results are obtained: (1) there is a positive and significant influence between the level of education on the family divorce rate in Jambi Province. (2) there is a negative and significant effect of HDI on the family divorce rate in Jambi Province. (3) simultaneously education and HDI have a significant effect on family divorce in Jambi Province. In sum, synergy is needed between the government, the private sector, and the community in realizing a quality of life through increased employment opportunities, access to health, and comfort in life.

Economic growth is a major goal for developing countries; governments therefore strive to create favorable conditions and allocate necessary resources for the prosperity of their nations. This study examines the impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans, along with other macroeconomic variables, on the economic growth of selected countries in the D8 group. The study utilizes panel data covering the period from 2001 to 2020, and employs a panel data method to investigate the effects of explanatory variables on growth. The research findings indicate that IMF loans have had a positive impact on the economic growth of member countries. Furthermore, IMF loans have contributed to the promotion of structural reforms and trade liberalization, which further enhances economic growth. Other variables, such as foreign direct investment, labor, and exports also had a positive impact on economic growth in the D8 countries. However, an increase in inflation rate has been found to have an adverse impact on economic growth. Therefore, economic policymakers in the D8 countries should seek loans for economic growth from the IMF and invest in projects that promise high returns. This study contributes to the existing literature on the relationship between IMF loans and economic growth in developing countries, and provides valuable insights for policymakers in D8 countries. The findings suggest that prudent borrowing, along with strategic investment in high-return projects, can help these countries achieve sustained economic growth.

Happiness is the main goal and the pursuit of happiness is inherent in human nature. The main aim of this study has been to estimate the effects of demographic variables, such as Fertility rate, Marriage rate, and Divorce rate on Happiness. The GDP per capita, Inflation and Unemployment are used as the control variables. In order to estimate the effects, we have used panel data including 21 selected countries with different characteristics (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey, United States, Romania, and Iran), for the period 2008 to 2017 are used. Concerning the F-Limer (Chow) and the Husman tests, the fixed panel Approach is used. The estimations results using panel methods with fixed effects indicates that the effects of fertility rate and GDP per capita on happiness are positive, but the effects of divorce rate and unemployment on happiness are significant and negative. The effect of inflation is positive and the effect of marriage rate is negative, but neither is significant.

The main question in this paper is to what extent communal land ownership (CLO) influences the utilization of environmentally friendly resources? To find the answer to this question, this study investigates the relationship between (CLO) and the adoption of environmentally sustainable resources in 12 emerging economies from 1990 to 2019, utilizing a panel data methodology. Findings suggest that (CLO) has a positive impact on promoting green resource utilization in the long term, whereas its short-term effects on green resource consumption are not substantial. Moreover, an immediate increase in GDP exhibits a negative influence, while a long-term rise positively affects the progression of green resource consumption. The Gini coefficient adversely affects the deployment of green resources, and heightened economic uncertainty leads to a reduction in their consumption. To harness the positive effects of (CLO) on green resource utilization, emerging economies should focus on implementing sustainable development education programs (ESD), bolstering green financial inclusivity, expanding poverty alleviation policies, enhancing functional literacy, and augmenting financial diffusion.

This study examined the correlation between economic growth and the impact on the environment, specifically focusing on the concept of environmental sustainability. The World Bank's Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) data is utilized in this study to gauge the strain on the environment, specifically through the measurement of natural disinvestment. This measurement encompasses the cumulative effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) damage, as well as depletions in minerals, energy, and forest resources. This study uses panel data with respect to the endogeneity of explanatory variables to estimate the real effect of per capita income and the other variables on environmental pressure. In this regard, employing the panel Fixed-Effects Instrumental Variable (IV) methodology, the data from 213 countries have been used in the period from 1990 to 2018. Through regression analysis, it has been discovered that there is a direct correlation between income and the impact on the environment in developing nations. However, this relationship is notably more pronounced in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. Additionally, the study reveals that trade expansion contributes to an increase in environmental pressure across all groups of countries. An increase in the school enrolment rate can affect the environment in developed and high-income developing countries. Moreover, the variable effect of capital openness on environmental pressure was estimated to be positive for developed and high-income countries. However, this effect was found to be negative for low-income countries. Finally, the result showed that developing countries should improve their legal structure and also reduce the bureaucracy and complexity of the laws.

In this study, consumption datas of hydrocarbon energy carriers in Iran during the years 1982-2017 were collected. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model in balanced panel data approach was proposed It can be beneficial to control energy demand. Results revealed that in the residential-commercial sector indicate that the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag has a positive effect and the weighted average price of petroleum energy carriers includes a negative impact on the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers. In the industry sector, consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag includes a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers, and the weighted average price of petroleum energy carriers has a negative effect on the consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers. In the agriculture sector, the variables of energy intensity, value added of the agriculture sector, population and consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag have a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers in this sector. In the transportation sector, gross domestic product, extremity of energy usage in the transportation part and consumption of hydrocarbon energy carriers with lag include a positive impact on the usage of hydrocarbon energy carriers in this sector and has a negative impact on the consumption of hydrocarbon

Social capital is one of the most important subjects in development economics. It has a crucial role in development process in developing countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study about the importance of government size in social capital. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is considering the relationship between government size and social capital in 109 developing countries during the period of 2008-2014. To do so, we have used a panel data method based on the model of Knack and Keefer (1997). Estimated Results of a fixed effect panel model indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and social capital. When the government size is small (the government size is less than 26.17%), increasing government size has a significant positive impact on social capital. However, when the government size is large (the government size is larger than 26.17%), government size has a significant negative impact on social capital. Before this threshold level of government size, due to preparing safe environment as well as social and economic institutions, ensuring property rights, providing public services as well as social security, building schools and universities, etc., expanding government leads to promoting social capital. But after this threshold level, because of inefficient expenditure, corruption and crowding out private investments in social capital, expanding government has a negative impact on social capital.