Developing Countries

Today export diversification has become one of the most important economic objectives of development strategies in the developing countries. For various reasons, such as preventing instability in export prices of primary products in global markets, reducing fluctuations in exchanges of them compared with industrial goods, producing dynamic benefits resulted from exporting various goods and increasing productivity of production factors may increase the rate of economic growth. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of export diversification in the economic growth of selected developing countries over the period of 2000-2010. Accordingly, the relationship among GDP, physical capital stock, labor force, and export diversification index was studied using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results showed that reducing export specialization and increasing export diversification have significantly positive effect on the rate of economic growth of these countries. JEL classican: F10, O40

This paper provides an empirically based insight into IT diffusion drivers in developed and developing countries. For this purpose, a new conceptual model with five main factors has been provided and tested using data from 34 developed and 209 developing countries in 2008. The results explore major role of factor "Trade Related Knowledge Spillovers: TRKS) in promoting IT diffusion in both developed and developing countries, and the importance of factor "Financial Resources" in accelerating IT diffusion in developing countries. The results can help IT policy-makers improve greater IT diffusion in a way that developing countries can take advantage of what already being enjoyed by the developed world

The 2008 Great Financial Crisis increased the fluctuations in the stock market in the US and other countries that were linked together through various channels. In this regard, derivative instruments, as one of the main elements of the world's financial markets, had an essential role in reducing the stock market fluctuations and contagion of the crisis. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the negative effect of the derivative instruments on the contagion of stock markets in developing countries, including Brazil, India, China, and Russia, using monthly stock and futures indices over the 2007:01 to 2018:08. By considering the United States of America as the source of the crisis, the hypothesis was tested with the Copula function and Kendall's tau (rank correlation coefficient). The results have confirmed the hypothesis. According to the findings, we suggest that the economy moving towards openness should develop the derivative instruments to minimize the fluctuations as well as reduce the devastating effects of crisis contagion. Also, by upgrading the information of the investors and speculators, it can decrease the depth and intensity of the fluctuations that originated from international crises.

Based on the theoretical literature, there are different and sometimes conflicting approaches about the effects of the shadow economy on per capita income. Considering the importance of this issue for economic policy, this study examines the effects of the shadow economy on per capita income for the period of 2005- 2017 using a panel generalized two stage estimator (PG2SLS) in two groups of developing and developed countries. Based on the results obtained in both groups, the size of the shadow economy has a negative effect on the per capita income. Also, the effects of the shadow economy on per capita income in developed countries are much higher than in developing countries, which is somewhat countrary to the theoretical framework. Stimating the model with the assumption of endogeneity of the shadow economy, for developing countries these effects have become negative and significant, but for developed countries these effects do not have the necessary significance.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of institutional quality on the export ofintermediate goods 3 by developing countries according to good, moderate, and bad institutionalquality conditions. The institutional variable included the World Bank’s average goodgovernance index. The estimation of the model was carried out using panel data for 1997-2021on a sample of 131 developing countries by the application of the Estimated Generalized LeastSquares (EGLS) method. The results show that the institutional quality has an impact on bilateralexports of developing countries only among the pairs of countries with similar conditions ofmoderate institutional quality. Thus, the governments of developing countries having moderategovernance conditions need to prioritize development and extensive reforms concerninginstitutional development to increase their exports of intermediate goods.JFL Classification: F14, O14, O24, Q58

Introduction: Human power is the most reliable capital of any country due to the power of thought, creativity and innovation. The expectation of any kind of development in the society depends only on the human power and intellectual ability of its members. One of the important components in measuring and evaluating human resources is the ethics and motivations of training and education. Therefore, in the following article, the influence of the political and social development process on the educational system and moral teachings in developing countries was investigated. Material and Methods: In order to achieve the goal, the present study conducted a comprehensive review of the sources related to the research keywords in PubMed and Science Direct, Sid, Noormagz and Civilica databases in the range of 2000 to 2022. Conclusion: People who participate in matters related to moral education, in addition to helping the organizational progress and ultimately the social and political system, also reach growth and prosperity in the individual dimension and promote social and political development. Therefore, it can be said that one of the important mechanisms for improving productivity is paying attention to the close relationship between ethics and education in the direction of social and political development. By realizing the abilities, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the educational system, the gap between the current situation and the desired situation can be identified, and based on the result, strategies can be formulated to improve it and eliminate the shortcomings. It is appropriate for political science theorists and government managers to include the interaction of ethics and education with society and its development among their key programs and goals and to invest in this matter as much as possible.

Social capital is one of the most important subjects in development economics. It has a crucial role in development process in developing countries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study about the importance of government size in social capital. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is considering the relationship between government size and social capital in 109 developing countries during the period of 2008-2014. To do so, we have used a panel data method based on the model of Knack and Keefer (1997). Estimated Results of a fixed effect panel model indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and social capital. When the government size is small (the government size is less than 26.17%), increasing government size has a significant positive impact on social capital. However, when the government size is large (the government size is larger than 26.17%), government size has a significant negative impact on social capital. Before this threshold level of government size, due to preparing safe environment as well as social and economic institutions, ensuring property rights, providing public services as well as social security, building schools and universities, etc., expanding government leads to promoting social capital. But after this threshold level, because of inefficient expenditure, corruption and crowding out private investments in social capital, expanding government has a negative impact on social capital.  

The present study investigated the effect of imposing international financial sanctions on international risk sharing in developing countries during 2011-2022 using the propensity score matching (PSM) approach. International risk sharing refers to the processes in which countries with different income prospects share the risk of income fluctuations with one another by conducting commercial and financial transactions internationally. Therefore, their income and consumption no longer depend solely on domestic production, but also depend on the production of other countries (countries that own their assets). Since, international capital flows are the main tools for international risk sharing. Imposing international financial sanctions on a country reduces international capital flows and therefore reduces international risk sharing in that country. As the results showed, the impact of financial sanctions on international risk sharing has been negative and significant because the measure of the international risk sharing index in countries that were not subject to sanctions (control group) was 0.5877 and in countries that were subject to sanctions (treatment group) was 0.2431. Therefore, imposing international financial sanctions has reduced risk sharing in developing countries.