Cultural Diplomacy

Purpose: The present paper aimed to present a suitable model of cultural diplomacy based on elite capacity. Methodology: The statistical population included the scientific elite, including professors, students, Executive and cultural managers of universities and the selected institutions and departments, including 4500 people, who was studying in the academic year of 2016-2017, of whom 354 people were selected based on the Kerjeci and Morgan tables, in Simple and randomized stratified method. The extracted components and sub-components, after reviewing the documents of theoretical foundations and factor analysis, the matrix of the research components was examined for the panel of experts and the research components, in terms of naming fitness. Findings: The results of the data analysis showed 6 components were extracted, among which, the components of setting up elite activity space, the utilization of the elite idea's capacity, the fitting of the elite presence based on the cultural diplomacy of the country, in the field of elite capacity and multi-dimensional valuation components of cultural diplomacy of the country, the cultural valuation of cultural diplomacy of the country, and the scientific-expert evaluation of the cultural diplomacy of the country, were included in the field of cultural diplomacy and the model was also drawn and the GFI model was calculated equal to 0.937 and verified. In addition, among these six factors, 5 factors are in a favorable situation, according to the calculated mean (3.90), (3.188), (3.14), (0104), (3.185), and (3.778) and being larger than average of population (3) and the elite presence fitting component had a lower utility than other components, based on cultural diplomacy of the country. Discussion: the structure and set of cultural laws of the country were in a favorable situation in line with the use of elite capacity

Turkey as one of the regional actors in the Middle East has taken the ‘Look East’ policy in its foreign policy since 2002, when the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has come to power. Although the relations between Turkey and Afghanistan have a historical background dating back to the Ottoman, but the geopolitical and geostrategic position of Afghanistan has doubled its significance for Turkish politicians during the NeoOttomanism, the situation which has emerged in Turkish politics, especially its cultural diplomacy over Afghanistan Since the rise to power of the AKP. So, in this article, the main question is, what are the objectives and tools of Turkish cultural diplomacy in Afghanistan during the AKP era? In response to this question, the main hypothesis is that Turkey's cultural diplomacy during the AKP era was based on the use of shared linguistic, ethnic and religious values to strengthen Turkey's soft power in Afghanistan as well as the hegemony of Turkey in the region.

Geopacifics has been considered as the objective representation of nations’ and governments’ movement toward peace. Today, countries have tried to achieve it by means of different solution such as general, economic, sport and cultural diplomacies. Among them, one of the important methods is cultural diplomacy by which every country tries to communicate with others depending on its various cultural capabilities and cultural policies. In this regard, tourism is one of the most important cultural tools for better introduction of countries’ cultural policies and expansion of geopacifics in regional and global levels. Present study addresses this topic by descriptive-analytical method and library study. The investigated point of this paper is that Iran has to properly use its cultural diplomacy to reach to a sustainable national security to provide geopacifics in the region. The geographical and geopolitical position of Iran and its various cultural and tourism attraction in addition to its rich ancient civilization are among the important topics in cultural diplomacy of Iran.

The purpose of this study is to conduct comparative review of Iran and Turkey’s cultural diplomacy in Iraq after the US invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime. Iran and Turkey, as two influential powers in the developments of the Middle East, are trying to advance their cultural diplomacy in Iraq according to the nature of their government, goals, and aspirations. The main question of the research is, “On what approach are the effectiveness factors of Iranian and Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq between 2003 and 2020 based?” The hypothesis is that Iranian cultural diplomacy in Iraq after 2003 has been following Shi’ism, the axis of resistance, and Iranianism as the cornerstones of its approach, as opposed to Turkish cultural diplomacy that is based on Turkish nationalism and neo-Ottomanism. Accordingly, each of these governments is trying to exert influence in Iraq using soft power and cultural diplomacy. In doing this, Iran and Turkey have different conditions, opportunities, threats, and tools to advance their cultural diplomacy. The research findings indicate that Iran is in a better position than Turkey in terms of conditions, opportunities and tools but the focus on Shiism and the issue of resistance in Iraq has led to little attention paid to other features of cultural diplomacy. In contrast, Turkey, with its benefit-oriented and opportunistic approach, has been able to make the most of tools such as Kurdish language and literature, media diplomacy, tourism development, scientific and educational topics, etc. through careful planning and has gained more influence in Iraq. The method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical and the data collection was carried out via library research.  

This article presents a systematic conceptual model to elucidate the role of cultural diplomacy and news media in the development and branding of cultural tourism destinations. The proposed model is built on four key components: cultural diplomacy as a strategic foundation, news media as an interactive medium, message framing, and cultural tourism destination branding. Using a documentary research method, the article extracts and explains the model’s key components and relationships, emphasizing its unique contribution by treating news media as an independent and equal partner to cultural diplomacy. This approach highlights the active role of media and the critical importance of message framing as a connecting mechanism between cultural policy and brand image. Ultimately, the process leads to the creation and reinforcement of a cultural tourism destination brand, which can enhance a destination’s international standing and foster sustainable cultural tourism development. The model provides a scientific and practical framework for policymakers and tourism stakeholders, addressing the existing gap in presenting integrated conceptual models that systematically incorporate the role of news media in this context.

This study aims to identify the antecedents, preconditions, and enabling factors required for the Iraqi Council of Ministers to formulate and implement an effective cultural diplomacy strategy. The research methodology was based on an inductive approach, using thematic analysis technique outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006). Data were gathered from semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in cultural diplomacy and analyzed using MAXQDA software. Validity was established through a two-step process member checking and an external audit. This research showed that Iraqi government organizations can implement cultural diplomacy strategies in Iraq more optimally through the identified components in the organizational, national, and international dimensions, and in the framework of the cultural diplomatic antecedents of the Iraqi Council of Ministers. This paper provides an important framework for analyzing cultural diplomacy antecedents in cultural heritage, paying particular attention to regional dimension for strengthening internal cohesion that moves beyond a siloed approach by explicitly integrating national, organizational, and international factors into a single, actionable model, offering a structured roadmap for Iraqi policymakers to translate latent cultural power into tangible diplomatic influence.

In the post – Cold War world, cultural diplomacy has become a key instrument of the foreign - policy apparatus of modern nation - states, serving to influence nations — alongside governments — through culture, identity, art, values, and norms. Iran and India, as two modern nation - states with shared racial, cultural, and identity roots, have not succeeded in establishing a balanced relational interaction. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify which foundations and components play an objective role in redefining and constructing such a relational interaction. The research hypothesis posits that the historical – civilizational, religious – ethical, and scientific – cultural – artistic foundations can be effectively applied within the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. These encompass components such as the Persian language, shared scientific and literary figures, architecture, the Muslim community (particularly the Shiites), and extensive historical–civilizational ties. This applied study employs a mixed - methods approach (quantitative – qualitative), documentary research, and soft - power theory to analyze the subject