مطالب

The purpose of this research is to clarify the importance of economic equilibrium of tourism contracts and prove the importance and relevance of public order to economic equilibrium. The school of law and economics is one of the most important schools of law among applied law system. The primary purpose of the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is to provide and guarantee the interests of parties efficiently and this function should lead to socio-economic efficiently for the whole society. For this purpose, a superior power must be able to guarantee the economic equilibrium of the tourism contracts and establish a strong executive guarantee to avoid disrupting contracts. In other words, protecting the economic equilibrium of tourism contracts is the task of an institution called public order and lawyers and economists believe that the task of enforcing public order is one of the duties of the state.The results of this study show that maintaining the economic equilibrium of a ground in order to achieve exchangeable justice in its true sense as well as the main goals of community contracts (contracts in society.) As a result, it guarantees the effectiveness of the contract in the interest of social interest, and also, the economic equilibrium of the tourism contract must be consistent with socio-economic and legal criteria and the lack of economic equilibrium will lead to inefficiency of the contract and one of the obvious effects not doing that will be ineffectiveness of the contract and termination of the contract.

Brands are considered one of the most valuable intangible assets. Branding is the idea of creating a unique feature to differentiate and is one of the essential components in tourism programs and the important tools for urban tourism development in different aspects of economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical. In this study, it is tried to investigate the impact of the global brand on the development of the tourism economy of the Damghan city. LESREL software had been used for this purpose . The research method was descriptive - analytic and of application type. In this study, data collection was done through SPSS and questionnaire distribution and library studies. The results of analysis of an agent for investigation of features (awareness, loyalty, image, perceived quality) on particular value of the pistachio brand in Damghan city indicated that the collected data were well supported the pattern and the overall indicators showed proper adequacy of the pattern by the data .Also after reviewing the second - order factorial analysis, it was found that all the factorial loads were meaningful and support the indicators and variables well. The investigations outcome of the impact rate of pistachio global brand on the development of tourism economy using T- test, showed that the acquired average is more than mean 3, and acquired meaningful level 0.000at level of 0.95 Indicated the high impact of pistachio particular brand on tourism economic development in Damghan city. Studying the results of direct and indirect effects of the global brand of pistachio in urban tourism development in economical dimensions using Path analysis test, showed that due to the acquired Betas, it is indicator of direct impact of global brand of pistachio on development of tourism industry in Damghan city.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain the environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations in Iran's penal code. The main question of the present article is how has environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism destinations been considered in Iranian criminal law? To answer this main question, the loan we are trying to analyze is that environmental protection and sustainable development of tourism purposes require the protection of criminal law. The methodology of this research is to investigate the legal texts and the opinions of jurists and jurisprudents regarding the subject in terms of the subject and the objectives and the method of collecting information in a descriptive-analytical way. Accordingly, the collection of information in the form of a library and reference to databases and Internet searches of articles with a scientific degree of validity and updating will be. The data gathering tool is a snippet and database. The method of analysis in this paper will be qualitative and argumentative in this way, we examine the variables of the subject and describe and analyze the collected data in a systematic way.

Cities are prominent signs of civilization in every nation. The signs, old symbol of ideas, customs, relationships and interactions of people have played a role in the formation of cities and intertwined a set of environmental, geographic, climatic, traditional and religion combination. Historic cities in Iran are the most valuable cultural heritage that expresses the dynamism, vitality and symbol of urban life. Iconic  architecture  promotes the  identification  of  a  place,  city  or  area.  Structural, functional  and  artistic  aspects  of  architecture,  particularly  those  that  represent  unique features, attract tourists. Architectural and urbanity of ancient Iran have always attracted tourists throughout the world. These features include principles that have been manifested in the heart of the tradition. In recent decades, due to unbalanced expansion of cities and discontinuity of spatial organization, and arrival of new technologies, globalization and the space density, traditional city is far from its truth and it has created challenges for traditional urbanism and modern urbanism. Therefore, the main content of this paper includes and analyzes the commercial buildings in Tabriz bazaar and Khan Bazaar in Yazd and their effects on tourism and tourist attraction. Moreover, it represents the similarities and differences between these two places in Qajar era. Such a study appears to be essential as there is a lack of enough research in this ground. For this reason five commercial buildings in Tabriz and four others in Yazd were selected. Then an example of Tabriz and a similar sample were selected from the Yazd Bazar and similarities, differences in the tables were compared. Moreover, the mentioned places were considered from their touristy architecture perspective and their potentiality for attracting tourists The results showed that commercial building in Tabriz and Yazd did not have similar Plans. The studied places in Tabriz  have got more centralized plans and are octagonal, but in In Yazd bazaar the plans are more rectangular or roughly square. . The other difference is related to length and width proportion and there are such proportions like ( 3 to 1) and (3 to 2) and (3 to 5) for Tabriz commercial buildings and (1 to 1) and (4 to 1)  for Yazd commercial buildings. Also in aspect of their similarities, it is the ceiling structure in both vaults with brick façade. In terms of proportion, the filled  and empty spaces proportion is the same for both and they are (2 to 1), (3 to 2) and (5 to 2). From touristy architecture, the results showed that both Tabriz and Yazd enjoy various touristy architectures and have significant potentials for tourist attraction.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the anthropology of socio-cultural structures of Kalhor tribe of Kermanshah and its changes and developments as well as tourist attractions of the study area. Therefore, the main issue and question that the researcher seeks to answer is from an anthropological point of view, what is the cultural and social structure and family system, and what changes have taken place in the structures in question in the recent past in Kalhor tribe? It should be mentioned that functionalist theory has been used in this research. The research method of this article from a practical perspective,  is fundamental and in terms of nature, is qualitative and ethnographic. The statistical population of this research consists of all local informants and experts who live in Kermanshah province, especially in Kalhor tribe. In this article, snowball sampling method and the type of theoretical saturation are used and a mixed method is used forcollecting information (documentary-field). The findings of this study indicate that Kermanshah province and especially Kalhor dweller region has many tourist attractions that can be very effective in attracting domestic and foreign tourists, while this tribe has experienced extensive changes throughout its history which are visible in material, behavioral and oral traditions; and also in its socio-cultural structures and family system

Sustainable tourism is based on the concept of sustainable development. The area attracts a significant number of users for sports and tourism activities, especially on holidays and weekends. Most users (especially amateurs) move at approximately 2182 meters. The movement of athletes and various uses of environmental facilities such as cafes, restaurants, etc. lead to an increase in the sound level in the mountaineering route and the surrounding areas. The results show that with the change of time from early morning (6 am) to noon (12 pm), the sound level increases due to the increase in the number of users in the area. The average noise level along the mountaineering route is 77, 3 dB, which does not comply with the EPA standard as well as the UK and WHO standards and indicates the amount of noise. Therefore, environmental and safety priorities must also be considered. Failure to pay attention to the bearing capacity in determining the number of authorized users to enter the area and the entry of more people into the area, will cause damage to the environment, reduce the quality of services and welfare and other natural and human issues. Thus; Area management must plan in such a way as to ensure sustainable performance in addition to using existing land uses.          

Aim and background: The aim of this study was to investigate Kinematics and kinetics Symmetry of Lower Limbs during running at a constant speed. Methods: 28 Elite runner (age: 34.75±6.63years) participated in this study. Running at constant speed was conducted by each subject at 2/5 m.s-1 on treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were captured at 150 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively. The peak of joint moments and flexion angles in sagittal plane were calculated. The normality and homogeneity of variances assumptions of the dependent variables was tested using Bartlett and Leven’s test. Independent t tests were conducted to examine the symmetry of hip, knee and ankle moments between dominant and non-dominant joints during stance phase of running (p<0.05). Results: results of the present study showed no significant difference exists between dominant and non-dominant lower joints regarding the peak moments of Hip, Knee and ankle in sagittal plane during stance phase (p>0.05) as well as between peak flexion angles during running. Conclusion: Symmetry exists in lower joints sagittal moments and flexion angle during running at the constant speed. According to the results dominant and non- dominant lower joints play propulsive and absorbent roles cooperatively.

Introduction:This study aimed to compare selected kinetic factors during a cross-cutting maneuver in soccer players with athletics groin pain (AGP) and healthy-ones. Materials and Method: twenty-eight soccer players (healthy group (n=14) and AGP group (n=14)) who take-part in the first division league participated in this study. A force-plate via 1000 hertz sampling rate was used to evaluate the ground reaction force, rate of force developments, vertical-impulse, and symmetry index during the cross-cutting maneuver.The independent sample t-test used to compare the results between healthy groups with AGP. Results:The results indicated the significant differences in the peak of ground reaction force (P=0.023), symmetry index (P=0.01), and rate of force development (P=0.031) in the medial-lateral direction of the dominant limb in a group with AGP. The peak of the vertical ground reaction force of none dominant limb was significantly higher in the AGP group (P=0.004). Conclusion:It seems that groin pain changes the kinetic profile, which puts the athletes at the potential risk of overuse in the lower extremities injuries. It is also recommended to utilize the output of the current study as back to sports index, and the rehabilitation progress should be continued to reduce symptoms injuries up to the proper symmetry.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of psychological factors in the incidence of sports injuries (musculoskeletal) of elite male volleyball players. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational research study design. The study was conducted with 150 elite male volleyball players in the Premier League of Khorasan Razavi province in 2020. In order to collect data, three standard questionnaires including, Sports Injuries Questionnaire (Esmaeili, 2014), Personality Traits Questionnaire (Eysink, 1975), and Competitive State Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAI-2) Rainer and Martens (1990) were used. In order to analyze the data in this study, SPSS software version 23 was used. Results: The results show that competitive anxiety can explain sports injuries (musculoskeletal) in the first model.. In the second model, when the somatic anxiety variable is added; Competitive anxiety and somatic anxiety variables can explain sports injuries. In the final model, the factors of competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, risk-taking, excitement, and aggression can explain sports injuries. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that psychological factors play a role in the incidence of sports injuries (skeletal-muscular) of elite male volleyball players

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and physical exercise on locomotor movement skill of children with DCD. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design with a control group. 80 boys aged 6-10 years (mean age: 8.68±1.2) were selected from primary school students in Shiraz using multi-stage cluster sampling method and were randomly divided into three experimental and control groups. Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ7), Raven Intelligence Test and Movement Assessment Buttery for Children (MABC-2) were used to screen children and the Ulrich Gross Motor Skills Development Test (TGMD-2) was used to assess locomotor movement skills. Experimental groups performed the interventions for 8 weeks, Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the locomotor movement skill score in the groups of cognitive rehabilitation, physical exercise and combined intervention from the pre-test to post-test stages increased significantly (P<0.05). While in the control group no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Conclusion: Concomitant use of cognitive rehabilitation-related interventions with physical exercise is more effective in improving locomotor movement skill in children with developmental coordination disorders.

Introduction: Adolescents' physical literacy and physical activity influence their lifestyle behaviors and health-related readiness into adulthood. Lack of information about the state of physical literacy has led researchers to examine the state of physical literacy in adolescents in Tehran. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and performed in the 12-18 years adolescents in Tehran. The sample was 836 adolescents selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from different areas of Tehran. Subjects 'physical literacy was assessed using the adolescents' physical literacy questionnaire. This questionnaire with three dimensions examines adolescents' physical literacy and has an internal consistency coefficient (0.951) and retest reliability (0.981). Results: The total mean scores of physical literacy in adolescents was 90.04 ± 17.12 and the desired norm was determined with a standard deviation of high and low (107.16-72.94). The results showed that adolescents' physical literacy scores in all dimensions increase with age, also, the scores were higher in boys than girls in all dimensions. Conclusion: Similar results have been reported for differences in gender and age in the Physical Literacy of Canadian children. The norm presented in this study can be a basis for measuring and comparing the levels of physical literacy of adolescents in Tehran.