مطالب

The purpose of this study was to compare the brand communication dimensions in the clothing and footwear industry. This research was descriptive-correlational and its statistical population consisted of consumers of footwear and sports clothing in Iran. The statistical sample was estimated according to the Cochran formula. Finally, 379 questionnaires were used to analyse the data. The findings of this study showed that all the paths except for the effect of brand experience on satisfaction in both industries and the effect of experience on loyalty in the shoe industry was significant. The role of mediator of brand loyalty and satisfaction in all directions, except the path of brand experience to loyalty, has been confirmed in the sports shoes industry. Comparing the two proposed models, only trust path on brand satisfaction, had a significant difference between the sports shoes industry and the sports clothing industry.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational justice on the relationship between organizational policy and organizational citizenship behavior of sports experts in Tehran Municipality. The statistical population of the present study was all the experts of 22 districts of Tehran Municipality (N= 1800) and the statistical sample according to Cochran's formula was equal to 317 people. Finally, out of 350 distributed questionnaires, 323 questionnaires were found to be valid. A four-part questionnaire was used to collect the research data. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by 5 experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in the pilot study for assessing the reliability of the research tool. Conducting Pearson correlation test as well as structural equation modeling through SPSS and LISREL software were used to examine the research hypotheses. The results of Pearson test showed a negative and significant relationship between organizational policy and organizational citizenship behavior (-0.51) and regression analysis of the study showed that 32% of changes in citizenship behavior could be predicted by organizational justice and organizational policy variables (32/32). Testing the research model revealed the indirect effect (mediated by perceived organizational justice) and direct effect of perceived organizational policy on organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, the coefficient of direct impact (-0.183) of perceived policy on organizational citizenship behavior was found to be more than its indirect effect (-0.705).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting sport tourism marketing mix. The research method was descriptive – correlation and the statistical sample consisted of 265 sport tourists attended at Azadi stadium in Tehran for watching a football game between Esteghlal and Persepolis that were selected through clustering technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire developed by Shonk (2006). The face and content validity was approved by sport management experts and the reliability was verified by Cronbach’s alpha (α=0/89). The SPSS16 was used for description of variables, and LISREL software was used for conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The result showed that “product” had the most effect on sport tourism marketing mix. “Physical evidences” was the next important variable influencing sport tourism marketing mix. Moreover, “promotion”, “people”, “process”, “price”, and “place” had significant effects on sport tourism marketing mix. According to the results it can be concluded that according to sport tourists’ view point, “product” and “physical evidences” had more importance. Product includes quality of sport contests and its’ related components, and physical evidence refers to the quality of sport stadium and its’ related factors. Also, other variables such as promotion, people, process, price and place had significant effect on the sport tourism marketing mix that should be taken in granted in sport tourism management context.

Transference of professional sports clubs to private sector involves the necessary conditions for private sector activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prerequisites for the transference of professional football clubs in Iran with emphasis on economic requirements. Statistical population included all CEOs and members of board of directors from professional football clubs, chairmen of committees and officials of provincial football boards, sports management and economics professors as well as football reporters. The research tool was a valid and reliable researcher-developed questionnaire. Factor analysis and Friedman ranking test were employed to analyze the research data. According to the results, the prerequisites for privatization were categorized in seven factors including cultural, executive, programming, motivational, legal, economic, and structural. Moreover, economic requirements (4.20) were the most important category, followed by executive (4.14), structural (4.04), motivational (4.02), legal (3.99), programming (3.97), and cultural requirements (3.62), respectively. Among the economic requirements, the transparency of financial information from country's football clubs, presence of strong sponsors and the creation of supportive funds for financial guarantee of private sector are in the first to third ranks, respectively. According to the findings the most important priority is to solve the financial problems and revenue generation of the clubs.

Branding is the main process of profitability and it can be defined as critical basis for sport industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the brand associations of the Iranian football league organization. The research population of the study included the faculty members of universities, members of the board of directors of the football federation, the board and staff of the league organization, and the managers and experts of the football federation. The research sample was selected through convenience sampling. A researcher-developed questionnaire was distributed for collecting the research data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by ten professors of sports management and the reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. To analyze the research data, Partial Least Squares test (PLS) was applied. Findings showed that the research variables included tradition, competitive balance, stadium atmosphere, management, competition, star player, education, competition, game show, community pride, socialization, player development, getting rid of everyday life, nostalgia, interest in a special team, excitement, acceptance in the peer group, logo, and product delivery had a positive and significant effect on the brand associations of Iranian football league organization. Therefore, it is suggested that managers and officials of sports federations use the results of this research to enhance the brand positioning of the football leagues.

Purpose: Relatively much research has been done into theorizing and its importance. However, the number of studies related to the understanding of contexts is very negligible and so far no framework has been provided including indicators and evaluation methods. This research has been done with the aim of achieving the indicators related to theorizing and subsequently presenting a formula to measure the potential and theorizing capacity of scientific institutes. Method: Library and field methods have been used to collect information. Data were first collected through a checklist and then through the AHP questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among experts and the AHP method was used to analyze the data. Expert Choice software was used to analyze the data obtained from the AHP questionnaire. Findings: The results indicate that the individual index is 9 times more important than the non-individual index in the theorizing process. Pairwise comparison of individual sub-indices showed that "awareness of theorizing" and "research ability” have an equal portion in theorizing. The "coherence of personality traits" is sextuple as important as the "awareness of theorizing”. "Coherence of personality traits" up to sextuple "research ability" can be considered important in the theorizing process.  Pairwise comparison of non-individual index sub-indices showed that "communication level" is twice as important as "institutional index level". However, the “effect level" is twice as important as the "communication level". The "communication level" is 7 times more important than the "management index level". The "effect level" can be considered 7 times more important than the "institutional index level". "Institutional index level" is quadruple more important than "management index level". The "effect level" is extremely important compared to the "management index level". Conclusion: Although theorizing is done by a researcher or a group of researchers, ultimately, it is a collective matter, or at least, several components are involved in its formation. Theorizing is a coherent, dynamic, purposeful, and thoughtful practice whose results can lead researchers to recognize the credible generalizable relationship between causes and effects. Finally, the formula Tp= (0.9I + 0.1NI) was presented, which can be used to assess the capacity of theorizing in institutes.