مطالب

Background: Basically, in any contract, the parties estimate their potential profit and loss and then enter into a contract. However, sometimes the circumstances and circumstances of the time of the contract change so much and make the implementation of the contract heavy and costly. In these circumstances, the implementation of the contract is difficult. This study aimed to investigate the difficulty of contract implementation in Iranian Civil code and commerce from an ethical perspective. Conclusion : In jurisprudence, there is a special rule called "invalidity of the whole contract with the excuse of fulfillment in content", which has become one of the general rules of contracts in jurisprudence. This rule implies the concept that if after the conclusion of the contract, the fulfillment of the obligations arising from the contract becomes impossible forever, the implementation of the content of the contract and its obligations is not necessary and the transaction is void. Iranian law deals with this issue in Articles 227 and 229 of the Civil Code, and conditions such as foreignness and the inevitability and unpredictability of the excuse are considered for the realization of the title of excuse for the execution of the contract. The realized excuse, as the case, will cause the contract to be dissolved or its execution to be suspended until the obstacle is removed.

Background : Today, societies pay attention to ethics and moral values, emphasizing that moral values ​​should be preserved and kept alive in educational organizations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the ethical challenges of school principals in the Corona period . Methods : The present study was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method. Its statistical population included educational management professors and school principals of West Azerbaijan Province. Sampling was done systematically through snowball technique and based on theoretical saturation criterion. Research data was collected by reviewing 21 articles related to the ethics of educational management or educational leadership in the COVID 19 period and then through semi-structured interviews (17 people) based on the model of qualitative interviews and its criteria, in an approximate time between 25 to 45 min, collected in person, electronically, and by telephone. Data were categorized using thematic analysis method in the form of basic, organized and comprehensive themes . Results : The results showed that the ethical challenges of school principals in Corona period as a comprehensive theme included 98 basic themes. According to the classification of basic themes, 7 organizing themes, including professional ethics, social-communicative ethics, individual ethics, technical-educational ethics, spiritual ethics, behavioral ethics, and decision-making ethics were obtained . Conclusion : The results showed that the closure of schools under COVID exacerbated 19 ethical problems in the education policies and practices, creating moral challenges in them. In this regard, principals are expected to use their knowledge and ethical skills to improve their scientific knowledge to address the problem of students at school during the Corona epidemic.