ارائه مدل حکمرانی مشارکتی در حفاظت جامع بناها و بافت های تاریخی بر مبنای نظریه داده بنیاد (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
حفاظت جامع و پایدار از بناها و بافت های تاریخی، باتوجه به ارتباط ذاتی میراث فرهنگی و زمینه های اجتماعی-فرهنگی آن، مستلزم مشارکت فعال جامعه است. هدف این پژوهش دستیابی به مدل حکمرانی مشارکتی برای حفاظت جامع بناها و بافت های تاریخی مبتنی بر مشارکت ذی نفعان است. پژوهش به روش کیفی و ازطریق ابزار مصاحبه انجام شده و با تحلیل داده ها برمبنای روش داده بنیاد، مدل مربوط در قالب 26 مقوله اصلی ارائه شده ا ست. مشارکت کنندگان شامل متخصصان و مدیران این حوزه می شوند که به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده اند. در مدل ارائه شده، شرایط علّی، ماهیت چندوجهی و ارزش های هویتی میراث فرهنگی و ضرورت مشارکت فعال کنشگران اجتماعی را آشکار می سازد. شرایط زمینه ای در پنج بستر شامل بسترهای نهادی-مدیریتی، بستر های چالش برانگیز اجتماعی–اقتصادی و توسعه ای، بسترهای فرهنگی-هویتی و نظام حقوقی-مالکیتی و ظرفیت های توسعه پایدار اقتصادی – گردشگری تبیین پذیر است. شرایط مداخله گر نیز شامل تعارض سنت و مدرنیته، عوامل تسهیلگر و بازدارنده در ساختارهای حقوقی و قانونی، مشارکت اجتماعی و آگاهی عمومی، تعارض منافع ذی نفعان و موانع اعتمادسازی است. همچنین راهبردها در هفت محور شامل مدیریت دانش محور، توانمندسازی جامعه محلی، آموزش و ارتقای آگاهی، مدیریت یکپارچه تخصصی-مشارکتی، حفاظت، احیا و بهره وری پایدار، یکپارچه سازی و هم افزایی نهادی و توسعه شفافیت و اعتمادسازی شکل می گیرند. پیامدهای اجتماعی این مدل عبارت اند از: تقویت سرمایه اجتماعی، افزایش مشارکت فعال شهروندی، تقویت هویت محلی و حس تعلق به مکان و بهبود تعامل حاکمیت و جامعه. کاربست این مدل، ضمن افزایش اثربخشی اقدامات حفاظتی، موجب حفاظت جامع میراث فرهنگی، توسعه گردشگری پایدار، رونق اقتصادی محلی و ایجاد توازن میان حفاظت از میراث فرهنگی و پاسخ گویی به نیازهای معاصر می شود.A Participatory Governance Model for Comprehensive Conservation of Historical Buildings and Urban Fabric: A Grounded Theory Approach
Introduction
The comprehensive and sustainable conservation of historical buildings and urban environments requires active community engagement, recognizing the intrinsic connection between cultural heritage and its socio-cultural contexts. However, participatory approaches have yet to find a definitive role in shaping conservation policies in Iran. The inefficacy of many conservation plans can be attributed to centralized, top-down methods that overlook the importance of involving people as key stakeholders. Furthermore, the comprehensive conservation approach, which takes into account both physical and semantic dimensions, has been largely neglected in existing policies. The aim of this research was to develop a participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of historical buildings and sites, emphasizing stakeholder participation. This study employed the grounded theory method and conducted in-depth interviews with cultural heritage experts and managers to identify the dimensions, components, and effective mechanisms for establishing a participatory governance system in the conservation of historical buildings and urban fabric.
Materials & Methods
Data for this study were collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview tool. Analysis, based on a grounded theory approach, led to presentation of the model as having 26 main categories. Participants included experts, urban managers, and faculty members with prior collaboration experience with heritage organizations and municipalities selected through purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Saturation occurred after 24 interviews with two additional interviews conducted to ensure data adequacy. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the grounded theory method following Strauss and Corbin's (1990) approach, which involved 3 coding stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding phase, interviews were transcribed and thoroughly reviewed, resulting in 790 initial codes. During the axial coding phase, similar and related codes were compared, merged, and organized into 124 subcategories. In the selective coding phase, these subcategories were integrated to form 26 main categories, which were then structured into 5 sections within the paradigm model: causal conditions (4 categories), contextual conditions (5 categories), intervening conditions (5 categories), strategies (7 categories), and consequences (5 categories).
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The findings revealed a multifaceted governance framework that effectively addressed the complex challenges of cultural heritage conservation. The causal conditions emphasized the diverse nature of cultural heritage and its intrinsic identity values, underscoring the necessity for active participation from social actors. Contextual conditions could be categorized into 5 areas: institutional and managerial frameworks, social dynamics, socio-economic and developmental challenges, cultural and identity contexts, and capacities for sustainable economic and tourism development of cultural heritage. Intervening conditions encompassed conflicts between tradition and modernity, facilitators and inhibitors within legal frameworks, social participation and public awareness, stakeholder conflicts of interest, and barriers to trust-building. The proposed participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of cultural heritage was structured around 7 strategic axes: knowledge-driven management and comprehensive studies; empowerment of local communities and enhancement of participatory engagement; education and awareness-raising; integrated specialized-participatory management; sustainable conservation, revitalization, and utilization; institutional synergy; and promotion of transparency and institutional-social trust. The social consequences of this model included strengthening of social capital, increased civic participation, enhancement of local identity and sense of place, and improved interactions between governance and communities. Overall, the findings indicated that a participatory approach to cultural heritage conservation not only achieved conservation goals, but also fostered positive socio-economic outcomes that reinforced one another in a synergistic cycle. The final model of participatory governance in the conservation of historic buildings and contexts employed a systemic and integrated approach, emphasizing simultaneous attention to technical, social, economic, and managerial dimensions. Implementing this model can facilitate processes related to the conservation, restoration, and revitalization of historical-cultural assets, while developing cooperative patterns to address issues related to cultural heritage in the country. By enhancing the effectiveness of conservation measures, this model promotes comprehensive cultural heritage conservation, sustainable tourism development, local economic prosperity, and a balance between preserving cultural heritage and meeting contemporary needs.
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