نقد فرمالیستی مراثی فیضی دکنی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نقد ادبی به عنوان ابزاری برای سنجش جایگاه و ارزش آثار ادبی، در نوع فرمالیستی خویش حاصل تغییرات عمده قرن بیستم در رویکرد به این آثار است. این نوع نقد، متأثر از دیدگاه های مبتنی بر زبان شناسی، متون ادبی را بدون توجه به عوامل بیرونی ازلحاظ فرم و با تأکید بر گفتمان، حالت و گونه بررسی می کند. درواقع نقد فرمالیستی به دنبال تثبیت پژوهش علمی در ادبیات و تبدیل آن به دانشی مستقل با تکیه بر مؤلفه هایی چون قاعده افزایی و قاعده کاهی شکل می گیرد. در جستار حاضر، به روش تحلیل کیفی، ضمن خوانش مرثیه های فیضی دکنی برپایه مؤلفه های اصلی این نوع نقد، به این نکته عمده می رسیم که چگونه برونه زبان با تأثیرپذیری عناصر سازنده کلام از روش های قاعده افزایی، آشنایی زدایی شده و واژه ها و صامت ها و مصوت ها در نهایتِ انسجام و توازن هماهنگ با فضای عاطفی شعر پیش می روند و انحراف از قواعد حاکم بر زبان هنجار، تحت عنوان قاعده کاهی با به کارگیری صناعاتی چون تشبیه و استعاره و مجاز و کنایه و... در ژرف ساختی برپایه عواطف و احساسات، کارکردی ادبی به زبان می بخشد و در نهایتِ سازگاری فرم شعر، با عواطفِ مطرح شده باعث توفیق شاعر در القای عواطف و احساسات و خَلق مراثی عاطفی و احساسی دلنشین می شود.Formalist criticism of Faizi Deccani's elegies
Literary criticism as a tool to measure the status and value of literary works in their formalistic form is the result of major changes in the approach to these works in the 20th century. This type of criticism, influenced by viewpoints based on linguistics, examines literary texts without regard to external factors in terms of form and with an emphasis on discourse, mode, and genre. In fact, formalist criticism was formed in order to stabilize scientific research in literature and turn it into independent knowledge by relying on components such as extra regularity and deviation rule. In the current research, using the qualitative analysis method, while reading Faizi Decani's elegies based on the main components of this type of criticism, we come to the important point of how the influence of rule-enhancing methods on the elements that make up the word defamiliarizes the external part of the language. And the words, consonants, and vowels have progressed with the highest degree of coherence and balance, in harmony with the emotional atmosphere of the poem. And also the deviation from the rules governing the standard language, under the title of the deviation rule, by using techniques such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, and irony... In its deep structure based on emotions and feelings, it has given a literary function to the language, and as a result of the compatibility of the poem form with the expressed emotions, it has made the poet succeed in inducing emotions and feelings and creating beautiful emotional elegies.
Introduction
In the school of formalism, literary works are considered as a system in which elements such as vocabulary, meaning, literary arts, grammatical rules, phonetics and poetry, etc., interact with each other in a coherent structure in pursuit of a common goal that is to induce a theme or feeling. In this method, the text in the framework of the general concepts of "defamiliarization or highlighting" the analysis and role of the author, his life and the society in which he lives, is reduced to the point where the author is considered the product of his works and not its origin.
In fact, formalism is based on the fact that the concepts discussed in literary works have existed since the beginning of human thought, it is the art of using words and selecting and using words and literary arts that creates a new phenomenon. The prominent role of the unconscious side of human thought in this process is a strong proof of formalism's emphasis on the text itself instead of external factors. Finally, the formalists, who were looking for the determination of scientific tools, found the theories of linguistics with relative certainty suitable, and formed the school of formalism based on their theories, especially Saussure's opinions. The formalists agreed that the only way to create a literary work is to transform familiar perceptions of the natural world, and they considered it a clear distinction between literary works and other forms of speech. Therefore, in order for literature to be able to continue doing something, it must always change the ways of doing it.
1.1. Research Methodology
In this research, while emphasizing the fundamental issues of the formalism school as the main topic of discussion, we have advanced the research by using the qualitative analysis method based on total induction and with the data collection method and finally validated the findings with sources and documents.
Discussion
The debate on the function of literary works has a long history; As from the very beginning, despite the insistence on commitment in literature and its social and moral function in the field of Arab literature, people such as ghodamat Ibn Jafar (888-948) and Jurjani (1040-1136) emphasized that poetry should be examined based on its being poetry. In the second half of the 19 th century (1860-1880), the school of Parnassism in France, emphasizing the theory of "art for art's sake", forms a new movement of this kind, or the school of phenomenology (1913) which describes phenomena directly Considering the method of their emergence before any valuation or interpretation, it emphasizes the role of art in social and political life. Until the end of the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, with the expansion of the modernist attitude, a novel transformation occurs in the face of art, and theorists such as Clive Bell, under the influence of Roger Fry, in 1914 put forward the theory of aesthetics, in which form and formalism are the fundamental characteristics of contemporary art. Finally, a group of like-minded researchers with common tendencies, the most prominent of which were Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Aichenbaum, Yuri Tinianov, and Roman Jacobsen, form a current that in the tense period after the October Revolution in Russia, their opponents call it formalism. At the beginning, formalism was not considered to be an organized organization that had specific principles and statutes, but the formalists' ideas were based on the "Moscow Linguistic Circle" (1915) headed by Jacobsen and the "Association for Research in the Poetic Language of Prose" or "Opoyaz" headed by Sheklovsky and both groups were united in their desire to establish scientific research in literature and turn it into an independent science by using their own special methods. In the continuation of formalism, it is the origin of a movement called New Criticism, which gained wide influence in America and England in 1920-1960 and emphasizes the critic's influence on the texture of the poem and reading the work part by part to get the meaning, and finally it leads to structuralism, poststructuralism and deconstruction.
The main issue of the current research is that the reading of Faizi Deccani's elegies with the components of the formalism school, while revealing the aesthetic aspects of the word, emphasizing the interaction between words and the emotional space of the poem, clearly state the role of this interaction in realizing the poet's goal - emotional impact on the reader. has Paying attention to the communication network of the formal and content elements in the speech and expressing the reasons for the speaker's success in creating a coherent and balanced structural system is possible with formalistic criticism; This is of double importance in elegies due to the reflection of what we refer to as inner pain and the greater impact on the audience, and Faizi elegies are no exception to this, and this shows the high formalistic capacity of Faizi elegies
Conclusion
In the upcoming research, by reading Faizi Deccani's elegies based on components such as extra regularity and deviation rule, we have made a formalistic criticism of his poems and have reached the following conclusions:
In the deviation rule; Due to the belonging of Faizi's elegies to the Indian style, the tendency towards complicated speech forces the poet to make more efforts to achieve new meanings and themes; Therefore, in terms of form, his poems are greatly influenced by lexical deviation. Syntax avoidance is also one of the tricks that the poet has put in the service of maintaining the weight or adding other rules such as maintaining the rhyme or row and so on. In the meta-normative semantics, the ratio of similes and metaphors to those of metonymy, and irony is higher. Because the poet used these arts to illustrate and beautify the form of speech and his intention was not to create ambiguity in the words. extra regularity; In the topic of phonetic balance, under quantitative balance (weight), the poet has used a weight that is very close to the usual weight of the language; In these weights, it is more possible to approach the language of the poem to everyday language and the text has a high frequency in terms of qualitative balance. added In the syntactic balance, the substitution of a role that includes the verb, siyaqat al-a'dhad, tansiq al-sefat, and also the substitution of a role that includes rejection, opposite, division, and heart, are less frequent and do not have much place in his verbal style.
The results of the formalistic reading of Faizi's elegies show:
- The poet's approach to lexical weight and balance, in addition to influencing the form, has facilitated the expansion of concepts by penetrating the semantic layers of the work and establishing a balance between weight and real content.
- Faizi's approach to the element of imagination in elegies - which is considered one of the main reasons for the fame and influence of his poetry - in the form of examples such as similes and metaphors, connects the inner and outer worlds together and by conveying thoughts and concepts and emotional matters and An emotion from the isolated and world to the tangible world has brought the word closer to the understanding of the audience.
- His approach to the defamiliarization of thought, which is provided by removing the habit of language and creating a new language in using unfamiliar words and disrupting syntactic rules, makes the reader struggle to understand the meaning, and by understanding the meaning, in addition to the double pleasure, harmony with the feeling and The singer's emotion is also realized; So, in Faizi Decani's elegies, the reader deals with the emotional function of language; Therefore, it is faced with a simple and universal language that requires components such as word repetition and phonetic balances from the perspective of extra regularity and semantic deviations from the point of view of deviation rule, to carry the burden of conveying meanings and images.
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