شناسایی و تبیین شاخص های تاب آوری شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل، مطالعه موردی: کلان شهر تهران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تاب آوری شهری دارای ابعاد کالبدی-زیرساختی، زیست محیطی، اجتماعی-فرهنگی، اقتصادی و نهادی-مدیریتی است و هر یک از این ابعاد نیز شاخص های مخصوص به خود را دارند. پدافند غیرعامل به عنوان یک آمادگی برای مقابله با حوادث و بلایای مختلف طبیعی و غیرطبیعی، رویکردی است که می تواند تاب آوری شهرها را ارتقا دهد. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی و تبیین شاخص های تاب آوری شهری در فضاهای کلان شهر تهران با توجه به رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف از نوع کاربردی، از نظر ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی و از نظر روش آمیخته است. با روش نمونه گیری قضاوتی و در دسترس 25 نفر از متخصصان علوم شهری شاخص های شناسایی شده با روش اسنادی را امتیازدهی کرده اند. اهمیت و معناداری و نیز تأثیرگذاری و تأثیرپذیری شاخص ها با استفاده از روش دیمتل فازی در نرم افزار Excel تبیین شده است. نتایج مدل دیمتل فازی نمایان کرده است که فاصله از گسل ها با مقدار 049/1 تأثیرگذارترین شاخص و درصد ساختمان های با نمای مقاوم با مقدار 729/0- تأثیرپذیرترین شاخص است. همچنین فاصله از گسل ها، فاصله از نیروگاه های برق، فاصله از فرودگاه ها، فاصله از رودخانه ها و فاصله از فضاهای سبز و باز عمومی به ترتیب به عنوان بااهمیت ترین شاخص های تاب آوری شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل در کلان شهر تهران شناخته شده اند. مدیران و برنامه ریزان کلان شهر تهران جهت هرگونه اقدام برای آمادگی شهر در مقابله با بحران های طبیعی و انسان ساخت باید به شاخص های تاب آوری شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل که در پژوهش حاضر شناسایی و تبیین شده اند توجه کنند و اساس تمام برنامه ها و تصمیم های اجرایی آن ها ارتقای شاخص های نامبرده باشد.Identifying and Explaining Urban Resilience Indicators with a Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Tehran Metropolis)
Introduction
This research identifies and explains urban resilience indicators in the form of physical-infrastructural, environmental, social-cultural, economic, and institutional-management resilience in Tehran. An effort is made to determine the most important and most influential indicators of urban resilience with the approach of passive defense in Tehran so that the managers of this metropolis while being aware of the indicators affecting the resilience of the city, can plan and perform executive actions to improve the resilience indicators in this metropolis in order to achieve the goals of passive urban defense. The importance of the current research is in increasing knowledge and filling the scientific weakness in the field of identifying and explaining urban resilience indicators at the level of urban spaces with the passive defense approach, as well as theoretical development in the field of combining the two issues of urban resilience and urban passive defense. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and explain the indicators of urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach. Thus, the current research seeks to answer these questions:
-What are the most critical urban resilience indicators concerning the passive defense approach in Tehran metropolitan areas?
-What is the prioritization of indicators that are effective on urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach?
Methodology
The current research is of applied type in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, and mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of research method. The statistical population of the research to explain the indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach are urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students in the fields of geography and urban planning, urban planning, civil engineering, and passive defense who have the necessary knowledge and expertise both theoretically and empirically in connection with Tehran. Sampling experts and elites use a judgmental and available method, including scientific experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research. In this study, the number of samples was considered to be 25 people. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research were prepared in a library and documentary manner, and surveying experts extracted the raw data of the research. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been confirmed through interviews with professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured by Cronbach's alpha method, which was 0.998. The method of data analysis in the current research includes two qualitative-quantitative stages. The qualitative stage includes identifying and extracting urban resilience indicators with a passive defense approach through the examination of the theoretical foundations as well as the background of the research. In the quantitative stage, by performing the fuzzy DEMATEL technique with the participation of urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students as panel members, the impact and effectiveness as well as the importance of urban resilience indicators with the passive defense approach in Tehran are explained in Excel software.
Results and discussion
According to the results, 160 urban resilience indicators have been identified with the passive defense approach in Tehran. Based on the results of fuzzy DEMATEL model, the indicators of distance from faults, distance from airports, distance from power plants, distance from rivers, distance from refineries, distance from mines, distance from green and public open spaces, distance from warehouses and food silos, distance from medical centers and household density in the residential unit have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (cause) and indicators of the percentage of buildings with resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with bathrooms, the distance from public toilets, the ratio of the number of trash cans to the population, the percentage of residential units with sewage disposal systems, the percentage of buildings with non-resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with services health, the percentage of households with cars, the percentage of residential units with piped water, and the percentage of residential units with fixed telephones have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (disabled). Also, the indicators of distance from faults with a value of 2.021, distance from power plants with a value of 2.013, distance from airports with a value of 1.982, distance from rivers with a value of 1.914 and distance from green and open spaces general with a value of 1.870 have been identified as the most important indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach in Tehran. The research results presented here differ from those mentioned in the background. The previous studies only examined a few urban resilience indicators using a passive defense approach. In contrast, this research comprehensively investigated all the indicators of urban resilience using the same approach, and a new finding was discovered, indicating the superiority of this study.
Conclusion
According to the research results, managers and planners of the Tehran should pay attention to the indicators of urban resilience with the passive defense approach that has been identified and explained in the current research for any measures to prepare the city to deal with natural and manufactured crises and the basis of all their executive plans and decisions should be to improve the mentioned indicators.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
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