بررسی مضمون و مترادفات آن از منظر شاعران سبک هندی با تکیه بر غزلیات عرفی شیرازی، طالب آملی، کلیم کاشانی و صائب تبریزی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مضمون و مترادفات آن، ازجمله کلیدواژه های اصلی مورد استفاده شاعران سبک هندی است؛ تا جایی که ساختن مضامین تازه و بکر در محدوده یک بیت، یکی از موضوعاتی است که بیشترین اهمیت را نزد شاعران این سبک دارد و جای همه موضوعات شعری را می گیرد؛ با وجود این، سخنان منسجم و روشنی از مختصات و ماهیت این اصطلاحات در سروده های این شاعران دیده نمی شود. این پژوهش با رویکرد متن محور و با رهیافتی توصیفی-تحلیلی، با مطالعه و دقیق شدن در دیوان غزلیات چهار شاعر معروف سبک هندی: صائب تبریزی، کلیم کاشانی، عرفی شیرازی و طالب آملی، و استناد به سخن خودِ شاعران به عنوان منبع اصلی پژوهش، در پیِ یافتنِ مختصات و ماهیت مضمون و مترادفات آن از منظر شاعران مورد است. براساس آنچه از سخن شاعران موردنظر حاصل می شود، مضمون و مترادفات آن، شبکه ای از پیوندها و ارتباطات میان واژگان یک بیت است که با تلاش زیاد و کشف تناسبات لفظی و معنوی حاصل می شود و ازاین رو، درک و فهم آن بسیار دشوار است؛ علاوه براین، مضمون و مترادفات آن، بیان سخن به شکلی تازه و بکر است که به واسطه تفکر و اندیشه فراوان و دقیق شدن در همه عناصر هستی، زندگی عادی و اجزای طبیعت به دست می آید و به همین سبب، باعث خلق لذت هنری برای شاعر و مخاطبان او می شود.A Study on Themes and Synonyms from Indian Style Poets' Perspective (Based on mystical sonnets of Erafi Shiraz, Taleb Amoli, Kalim Kashani and Saeb Tabrizi)
In the 10th century, with the advent of Safavid Dynasty, a fundamental reform was made in Iranian society and, consequently, in all its thought and art domains. In this era, a style with vivid difference from the previous ones was born and the Persian poetry was reformed either in terms of form or meaning. Creation of new themes limited to one verse was one of the topics that had the most importance in the poet of this style and was replaced by all poetry topics. Through investigating the sonnets of four of the most eminent poets of this style the following results were obtained regarding theme: new themes and beautiful literary language have tight and direct relationship with each other and the poets depict such colorful theme using beautiful words and expressions. Features like attempts to find new themes, difficulty in understanding the theme for the audience, making wonder and joy for the poet and audience and freshness are the most fundamental components of ne themes. In addition, such themes are found through thought and silence and the principal source of their discovery are the environmental elements around the poet. Introduction The emergence of Indian style with its different paradigm moved Persian poetry moved into a different route, which was incomparable with previous eras (Ismaili and Hasanpooralashti, 2014, 44-21). The most important concern for poets in this school is creating untapped concepts within a line as well as generating delight for its readership. In fact, in the poetry of this period, the concept has the highest significance and replaces poetical subjects to the extent that in the views of some scholars, Indian style is the poetry of the concept rather than the subject (Shamsia, 1995, 298). To create fresh concepts, poets engaged in this style recourse to anywhere and anything to achieve their objectives. Even though the poets paid special attention to these terms and meanings, in their works, there were not any coherent and clear words concerning the quiddity of these terms. Also, views about their poetry are various and even antithetical. The lack of clarity and coherence generates questions for critics, audiences, and readers of Indian style poetry. Therefore, the authors of this paper are to address what are the characteristics and nature of the poems of the poets in question and find a possible answer. Research methodology This study is text-oriented and capitalizes on a descriptive-analytical approach along with the library-documentary method. As evident in the title of this study, though perusing the sonnet divans of four Indian style poets: Saeb Tabrizi, Kalim Kashani, Orfi Shirazi, and Taleb Amoli, the current article strives to find the quiddity and essence of Indian style concepts and synonyms from the standpoints of the poets. Discussion Undoubtedly, paying attention to concepts and inventing them is the key concern of poets in the Indian style. Few are poetical divans whose creators to be free from finding new concepts and meanings. This attention has been to the degree that it penetrated to their poetry and has been the subject of the (poetical) discourse, and this means that “poets in this period employed many poetical and rhetorical terms in their poetry, and spoke about it. They also evaluated their poetry, whether it qualifies or not (Hasanpooralashti a, 2005, 70). Concepts and synonyms include the meaning of the alien, colorful meaning, conspicuous meaning, delicate meaning, complicated meaning, circular meaning, elevated thought, fresh thought, new discourse, etc. which were frequently applied in the divans of this era. In continuance, explanations concerning the quiddity of concept and its synonyms will be mentioned. 3.1. Features of new concepts One cannot easily achieve new concepts and a delicate meaning. Also, articulating this meaning is difficult, and its understanding demands attention and cogitation. This colorful meaning generate delight for the poet and wonder and joy for his readership Undoubtedly the principal feature of the new concept and alien meaning in the Indian style is its freshness and uniqueness. In other words, the concept is new and the meaning exotic so long as they have not been utilized in their current fashion in the past, and they are unique to the poet or the result from the metamorphosis of the subjects which formerly were used. 3.2. Techniques of Creating Concepts The poets operating in this style have referred to some techniques for creating the new concepts, and alien meanings, prominent among them are cogitation and silence. 3.3. The Wellsprings of New Concept Discovery Due to changes that happened in the area of poetical subjects in this era, as well as the emphasis was placed om untapped concepts and exotic meanings, it is natural that the sources of the poets had altered too. The Indian style poet treads a different path. Since, in this period, orthodox topics are toppled, the poets did not cull their themes from books and their predecessors. Instead, they got their inspiration from their surroundings. Hence, the poet permits himself to fish for new concepts from everywhere and everything. It has been their principal characters in this period. In this regard, all constituents of plain creation, their immediate Nature, the simple life of the mass could be the source of fresh concepts for them, and this phenomenon forms through forgingrelations and imaginative bonds with inner thoughts. Conclusion In the 10th century, with the rise of the Safavid dynasty, there was a dramatic evolution in Iranian society. Persian poetry, which has always been the most important and main media in this land, thus in turn led to the emergence of a specific style in Persian literature. This style became known as the Indian style. The poets of this style were different in their style from those ones following Khorasani style poets who imitated the nature and its elements. They were also different from the mystic poets of the Iraqi style whose vision was entirely inner and universal. The newly emerged style paid attention to both the outside world and its embedded elements, and the inner world and their mental and psychological conditions. In this regard, they touched on a combination of the inside and the outside worlds. Notably, all could occur in only one poetic verse. Therefore, paying attention to themes became the most important mental concerns of poets of this style. In few anthologies, it is possible to know that its owner is free from the idea of finding new themes and new meanings. This attention is so tangible that its themes and synonyms are clearly related to their poetry as well. According to the poets in this style, it can be argued that the themes and synonyms are a network of connections among the words of a verse, achieved by great effort and discovery of verbal and spiritual proportions which make them difficult to understand. Moreover, the themes and synonyms must express a speech in a virgin and deep-thinking manner and precisely must reflect all elements of existence, ordinary life and nature components and thus create happiness for the poet and his audience. References Amoli, Taleb, koliate ashar , Ed: Shahab Taheri, Tehran: Sanaei Publications. Ashouri, Darioush. (1999). Sher va andisheh , Tehran: Markaz Publications. Brown, Edward. (1997). Tarikh-e adabiat-e iran az safavieh ta asre hazer , Ed: Zya Addin Sagadi va Abdolhossein Navayi, Tehran: Morvarid Publications. Esmaeeli, Morad, hassanpour Alashti, hossein. (2015). 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